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"සගන්ධ තෙල්" හි සංශෝධන අතර වෙනස්කම්

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{{අනාථ ලිපිය|date=ජූනි 2013}}
{{සිංහල නොවේ}}
'''සගන්‍ධ තෙල්''' is a concentrated, [[hydrophobic]] [[ද්‍රව]] containing volatile [[aroma compound]]s from [[ශාක]]. සගන්‍ධ තෙල් are also known as '''volatile''', '''ethereal oils''' or '''aetherolea''', or simply as the "oil of" the plant from which they were extracted, such as ''කරාබුනැටි තෙල්''. An [[තෙල්]] is "සගන්‍ධ" in the sense that it carries a distinctive scent, or essence, of the plant. Essential oils do not as a group need to have any specific chemical properties in common, beyond conveying characteristic fragrances.
 
සගන්‍ධ තෙල් are generally extracted by [[ආසවනය]]. Other processes include expression, or [[solvent extraction]]. They are used in [[perfumes]], [[cosmetics]], [[soap]] and other products, for [[flavoring]] food and drink, and for scenting [[incense]] and household cleaning products.
 
Various essential oils have been used medicinally at different periods in history. [[Medicinal properties|Medical application]] proposed by those who sell medicinal oils range from skin treatments to remedies for cancer, and are often based on historical use of these oils for these purposes. Such claims are now subject to regulation in most countries, and have grown more vague to stay within these regulations.
 
Interest in essential oils has revived in recent decades with the popularity of [[aromatherapy]], a branch of [[alternative medicine]] which claims that the specific aromas carried by essential oils have curative effects. Oils are volatilized or diluted in a carrier oil and used in massage, diffused in the air by a nebulizer or by heating over a candle flame, or burned as incense, for example.
 
The techniques and methods first used to produce Ethereal oil (Essential oil) was first mentioned by [[Ibn al-Baitar]] (1188-1248), an [[Andalusian]] [[physician]], [[pharmacist]] and [[chemist]].<ref>http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA1011&lpg=PA1011&dq=Al-Djildaki&source=bl&ots=F5JrnpOC95&sig=fCHcNXLa0o0nZl89ccurjM9vL8Y&hl=en&ei=w2DmS7buNZSPOJq-6NsN&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Al-Djildaki&f=false</ref>
 
== නිපැයීම ==
===ආසවනය===
{{see also|ආසවනය}}
අද, සගන්‍ධ තෙල් බහුලව ඇති, such as ලැවෙන්ඩර්, ගම්මිරිස් තෙල්, සහ යුකැලිප්ටස් ආසවනයෙන් නිපැයේ. Raw plant material, consisting of the [[flower]]s, [[leaf|leaves]], [[wood]], [[bark]], [[root]]s, [[seed]]s, or [[peel (fruit)|peel]], is put into an [[alembic]] (distillation apparatus) over [[water]]. As the water is heated the steam passes through the plant material, vaporizing the volatile compounds. The vapors flow through a coil where they condense back to liquid, which is then collected in the receiving vessel.
 
බොහෝ තෙල් are distilled in a තනි ක්‍රියාවලිය. One exception is Ylang-ylang (''[[Cananga odorata]]''), which takes 22 hours to complete through a [[භාගික ආසවනය]].
 
The recondensed water is referred to as a hydrosol, hydrolat, [[herbal distillate]] or plant water essence, which may be sold as another fragrant product. Popular hydrosols include [[rose water]], [[lavender water]], [[lemon balm]], [[clary sage]] and [[orange blossom water]]. The use of herbal distillates in [[cosmetics]] is increasing. Some plant hydrosols have unpleasant smells and are therefore not sold.
 
===Expression===
Most [[citrus]] peel oils are expressed mechanically, or ''[[cold-pressed]]''. Due to the relatively large quantities of oil in citrus peel and low cost to grow and harvest the raw materials, citrus-fruit oils are cheaper than most other essential oils. Lemon or sweet orange oils that are obtained as [[by-product]]s of the citrus industry are even cheaper.
 
Prior to the discovery of distillation, all essential oils were extracted by pressing.
 
===ද්‍රාවණ නිස්සාරණය===
Most flowers contain too little volatile oil to undergo expression and their chemical components are too delicate and easily denatured by the high heat used in steam distillation. Instead, a [[solvent]] such as [[hexane]] or [[supercritical carbon dioxide]] is used to extract the oils. Extracts from hexane and other hydrophobic solvent are called ''[[Concrete (perfumery)|concrete]]s'', which are a mixture of essential oil, [[wax]]es, [[resin]]s, and other [[lipophilic]] (oil soluble) plant material.
 
Although highly fragrant, concretes contain large quantities of non-fragrant waxes and resins. As such another solvent, often [[ethanol|ethyl alcohol]], which only dissolves the fragrant low-molecular weight compounds, is used to extract the fragrant oil from the concrete. The alcohol is removed by a second distillation, leaving behind the ''[[Absolute (fragrance)|absolute]]''.
 
Supercritical carbon dioxide is used as a solvent in supercritical fluid extraction. This method has many benefits, including avoiding [[petrochemical]] residues in the product and the loss of some "top notes" when steam distillation is used. It does not yield an absolute directly. The supercritical carbon dioxide will extract both the waxes and the essential oils that make up the concrete. Subsequent processing with liquid carbon dioxide, achieved in the same extractor by merely lowering the extraction temperature, will separate the waxes from the essential oils. This lower temperature process prevents the decomposition and denaturing of compounds. When the extraction is complete, the pressure is reduced to ambient and the carbon dioxide reverts back to a gas, leaving no residue. An [http://appliedseparations.com/ASInteractive/Overviews/SCF/Essential_Oils/player.html animated presentation] describing the process is available for viewing.
 
Supercritical carbon dioxide is also used for making [[Decaffeination|decaffeinated coffee]]. However, although it uses the same basic principles it is a different process because of the difference in scale.
 
===Production quantities===
 
Estimates of total production of essential oils are difficult to obtain. One estimate, compiled from data in 1989, 1990 and 1994 from various sources gives the following total production, in tonnes, of essential oils for which more than 1,000 tonnes were produced.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink/971087/ISO_TC_054__Essential_oils_.pdf
|format=PDF| title=ISO TC 54 Business Plan — Essential oils
| accessdate=2006-09-14
}} It is unclear from the source what period of time the quoted figures include.</ref>
 
:{| class="wikitable"
Line 63 ⟶ 28:
| [[Spearmint]] || align="right" | 1,300
|}
 
==aromatherapy භාවිතය==
Aromatherapy is a form of [[alternative medicine]], in which healing effects are ascribed to the aromatic compounds in essential oils and other plant extracts. Many common essential oils have medicinal properties that have been applied in [[folk medicine]] since ancient times and are still widely used today. For example, many essential oils have [[antiseptic]] properties.<ref>{{cite journal
|pmc=1693916 |doi=10.1186/1472-6882-6-39 |url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/6/39
| title=In vitro antibacterial activity of some plant essential oils
| author=Seenivasan Prabuseenivasan, Manickkam Jayakumar, and Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu
| journal=BMC Complement Altern Med.
| date=November 30, 2006
| volume=6
| pages=39
| pmid=17134518
}}</ref> Many are also claimed to have an uplifting effect on the mind.
 
== Dilution ==
 
Essential oils are usually [[lipophilic]] (literally: ''"oil-loving"'') compounds that usually are not [[miscible]] with water. Instead, they can be diluted in [[solvent]]s like pure [[ethanol]] (''alcohol''), [[polyethylene glycol]], or [[oil]]s.
 
== Raw materials ==<!-- This section is linked from [[Vegetable fats and oils]] -->
{{මූලික|List of essential oils}}
 
Essential oils are derived from various sections of plants. Some plants, like the [[bitter orange]], are sources of several types of essential oil.
 
:{| class="wikitable" |
Line 171 ⟶ 115:
* [[Valerian (herb)|Valerian]]
|}
 
===යුකැලිප්ටස් තෙල්===
{{මූලික|Eucalyptus oil}}
The most well-known essential oil world-wide is eucalyptus oil, produced from the leaves of "[[Eucalyptus globulus]]". Steam-distilled eucalyptus oil is utilized throughout Asia, Africa, Latin America and South America as a primary cleaning/disinfecting agent added to soaped mop and countertop cleaning solutions, possessing insect and limited vermin control properties.
 
=== රෝස තෙල් ===
{{මූලික|Rose oil}}
The 2nd most well-known essential oil is probably [[rose oil]], produced from the petals of ''[[Rosa damascena]]'' and ''[[Rosa centifolia]]''. Steam-distilled rose oil is known as "rose otto" while the solvent extracted product is known as "rose absolute".
 
== අවදානම ==
<!-- please consider updating the aromatherapy article's section on safety/danger when you update this. -->
 
Because of their concentrated nature, essential oils generally should not be applied directly to the skin in their undiluted or "neat" form. Some can cause severe irritation, provoke an allergic reaction and over time prove [[hepatotoxic]]. Essential oils should not be used with animals as they possess extreme hepatotoxicity and dermal toxicity for animals, especially for cats. Instead, essential oils should be blended with a vegetable-based "carrier" oil (a.k.a., a base, or "fixed" oil) before being applied. Common carrier oils include olive, almond, hazelnut and grapeseed. Only neutral oils should be used. A common ratio of essential oil disbursed in a carrier oil is 0.5–3% (most under 10%), depending on its purpose. Some essential oils, including many of the [[citrus]] peel oils, are [[photosensitizers]], increasing the skin's vulnerability to sunlight.
Industrial users of essential oils should consult the [[material safety data sheet]]s (MSDS) to determine the hazards and handling requirements of particular oils.
===Handling===
Essential oils can be aggressive toward rubbers and plastics so care must be taken in choosing the correct handling equipment. Glass syringes are often used but have coarse volumetric graduations. [[Pipette#Pipetting_syringe|Chemistry syringes]] are ideal as they resist essential oils, are long enough to enter deep vessels, and have fine graduations, facilitating quality control. Unlike traditional pipettes which have difficulty handling viscous fluids, the chemistry syringe has a seal and piston arrangement which slides inside the pipette, wiping the essential oil off the pipette wall. This improves accuracy, and the inside of the pipette is easy to clean and reuse immediately. Chemistry pipetting syringes are equal in accuracy to the best laboratory equipment and are available in sizes from 1 mL through 25 mL.
 
=== ගැබිණි භාවය===
The use of essential oils in pregnancy is not recommended due to inadequate published evidence to demonstrate evidence of safety.
 
=== Gynecomastia ===
 
[[Estrogen]]ic and [[antiandrogen]]ic activity have been reported by ''in vitro'' study of [[tea tree oil]] and [[lavender]] essential oils. Case reports suggest that the oils may be implicated in some cases of [[gynecomastia]], an abnormal breast tissue growth, in prepubescent boys.<ref>{{cite journal
|title=Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils
|doi= 10.1056/NEJMoa064725
|journal=New England Journal of Medicine
|volume=356
|issue=5
|pages=479–85
|year=2007
|pmid=17267908
|author=Henley, D. V.
|last2=Lipson
|first2=N
|last3=Korach
|first3=KS
|last4=Bloch
|first4=CA}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6318043.stm
| publisher=BBC News
| date=2007-02-01
| accessdate=2007-09-09
| title=Oils make male breasts develop}}</ref>
 
=== Pesticide residues ===
There is some concern about [[pesticide]] residues in essential oils, particularly those used therapeutically. For this reason, many practitioners of aromatherapy buy [[Organic farming|organically]] produced oils.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010|reason="some concern" but what's the evidence? "many practitioners" but who? Claims like this can be dangerous and needed to be cited.}}
 
===Ingestion===
Essential oils are used extensively as [[GRAS]] flavoring agents in foods, beverages and confectionaries according to strict [[GMP]] (Good Manufacturing Practice) and [[flavorist]] standards, and while some advocate the ingestion of essential oils for therapeutic purposes in extremely small amounts, this should never be done except under the supervision of someone licensed to prescribe such treatment and/or who is well versed and experienced in "clinical" aromatherapy. Some common essential oils such as [[Eucalyptus oil|Eucalyptus]] are toxic internally. [[Pharmacopoeia]] standards for medicinal oils should be heeded. Some oils can be toxic to some domestic animals, [[cat]]s in particular.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bischoff K, Guale F |title=Australian tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil poisoning in three purebred cats |journal=J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=208–10 |year=1998 |month=April |pmid=9576358 |url=http://www.jvdi.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9576358
}}</ref> The internal use of essential oils can pose hazards to pregnant women, as some can be [[abortifacient]]s in dose 0.5–10&nbsp;ml, and thus should not be used during pregnancy.
 
=== ගිනිගන්නාසුළු බව===
The [[flash point]] of each essential oil is different. Many of the common essential oils such as tea tree, lavender, and citrus oils are classed as a [[HAZMAT Class 3 Flammable Liquids|Class 3 Flammable Liquid]] as they have a flash point of 50–60&nbsp;°C.
 
=== Toxicology ===
[[LD50|LD<sub>50</sub>]] of most essential oils or their main components are 0.5–10&nbsp;mg/kg (orally or skin test).{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} This compares with, for example, the [[LD50|LD<sub>50</sub>]] of [[arsenic acid]], one of the most common [[arsenic]] based poisons which is 6&nbsp;mg/kg (as tested on rabbits).<ref>Joachimoglu. ''Biochem. Z.'' '''70''', 144 (1915)</ref>
 
== Standardization of its derived products ==
In 2002, [[ISO]] published [[ISO 4720]] in which the [[botanical name]]s of the relevant plants are standardized <ref name=eoni>{{cite web
| last = [[International Organization for Standardization]]
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = ISO 4720:2002 Essential oils — Nomenclature
| work =
| publisher =
| date =
| url = http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?ics1=01&ics2=040&ics3=71&csnumber=30435
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 23 April 2009 }}</ref>. The rest of the standards with regards to this topic can be found in the section of ICS 71.100.60 <ref name=eo>{{cite web
| last = [[International Organization for Standardization]]
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = 71.100.60: Essential oils
| work =
| publisher =
| date =
| url = http://www.iso.org/iso/products/standards/catalogue_ics_browse.htm?ICS1=71&ICS2=100&ICS3=60&
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 14 June 2009 }}</ref>
 
{{See|British Pharmacopoeia|United States Pharmacopoeia}}
 
== See also ==
{{Commonscat|Essential oils}}
{{Wikibooks|Complete Guide to Essential Oils}}
* [[Alternative medicine]]
* [[Aromatherapy]]
* [[Enfleurage]]
* [[Fragrance oil]]
* [[List of essential oils]]
* [[List of vegetable oils]]
* [[Volatility (chemistry)|Volatility]]
 
== සටහන් ==
{{Reflist|2}}
 
== මූලාශ්‍ර ==
== References ==
{{morefootnotes|date=June 2010}}
* {{cite book
"https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/සගන්ධ_තෙල්" වෙතින් සම්ප්‍රවේශනය කෙරිණි