"වර්සේල්ස් ගිවිසුම" හි සංශෝධන අතර වෙනස්කම්

| long_name = Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germanyජර්මනිය

| condition_effective = [[Ratification]] by Germanyජර්මනිය and three Principal Allied Powers.

| signatories = {{flagiconධජනිරූපකය|Germanyජර්මනිය|Weimar}}&nbsp;[[Weimar Republic|German Reich]]<hr />

The '''Treaty of Versailles''' was one of the [[peace treaty|peace treaties]] at the end of [[World War I]]. It ended the [[declaration of war|state of war]] between [[Germanජර්මානු Empireඅධිරාජ්‍යය|Germanyජර්මනිය]] and [[Allies of World War I|the Allied Powers]]. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the [[assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand]]. The other [[Central Powers]] on the German side of World War I were dealt with in separate treaties. Although the [[armistice with Germanyජර්මනිය (Compiègne)|armistice]] signed on 11 November 1918 ended the actual fighting, it took six months of negotiations at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]] to conclude the peace treaty. The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the [[League of Nations]] on October 21, 1920, but was not printed in ''League of Nations [[Treaty Series]].''

Of the many provisions in the treaty, one of the most important and controversial required Germanyජර්මනිය to accept sole responsibility for causing the war and, under the terms of articles 231–248 (later known as the War Guilt clauses), to disarm, make substantial territorial [[concession (territory)|concessions]] and pay [[World War I reparations|reparations]] to certain countries that had formed the [[Allies of World War I|Entente]] powers. The total cost of these reparations was assessed at 132 billion Marks (then $31.4 billion, £6.6 billion) in 1921 which is roughly equivalent to $400 Billion US Dollars as of 2010, a sum that many economists at the time deemed to be excessive.<ref name="guinnane">

{{cite web |url = http://www.econ.yale.edu/growth_pdf/cdp880.pdf |format=PDF |title = Vergangenheitsbewältigung: the 1953 London Debt Agreement] |accessdate = 2008-12-06 |author = Timothy W. Guinnane| authorlink = |year = 2004 |month = January |format pdf= |work = Center Discussion Paper no. 880 |publisher = Economic Growth Center, Yale University |quote=At the pre-World War I parities, $1 gold = 4.2 gold Marks. One Mark was worth one shilling sterling. }}</ref> This was a sum that many economists deemed to be excessive because it would have taken Germanyජර්මනිය until 1988 to pay.<ref>The West Encounters and Transformations. Atlas Ed. Vol. II. New York: Pearson Education, Inc., 2007. p. 806</ref> The Treaty was undermined by subsequent events starting as early as 1932 and was widely [[flout]]ed by the mid-1930s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Schaum's Outline of Modern European History|author=Viault, Birdsall S.|page=471|year=1990|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional|url=http://books.google.com/?id=hXaJLfcIBuoC|isbn=9780070674530}}</ref>

The result of these competing and sometimes conflicting goals among the victors was compromise that left none contented: Germanyජර්මනිය was not [[pacified]] or [[conciliation|conciliated]], nor permanently weakened. This would prove to be a factor leading to later conflicts, notably and directly the [[World War II|Second World War]].<ref name="consequences1">{{gutenberg|no=15776|name=The Economic Consequences of the Peace ''by [[John Maynard Keynes]]'}}</ref>

Negotiations between the Allied powers started on 18 January in the Salle de l'Horloge at the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)|French Foreign Ministry]], on the [[Quai d'Orsay]] in Paris. Initially, 70 delegates of 27 nations participated in the negotiations.<ref>{{cite book|last = Lentin|first = Antony|title = Guilt at Versailles: Lloyd George and the Pre-history of Appeasement|year = 1985| publisher = Routledge|location =|language =|isbn = 9780416411300|page=84|origyear = 1984}}</ref> Having been defeated, Germanyජර්මනිය, [[Austria]], and [[Hungary]] were excluded from the negotiations. [[Russian SFSR|Russia]] was also excluded because it had negotiated a [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk|separate peace]] with Germanyජර්මනිය in 1918, in which Germanyජර්මනිය gained a large fraction of Russia's land and [[resources]]. The treaty's terms were extremely harsh, as the negotiators at Versailles later pointed out.

Clemenceau particularly wished to regain the rich and industrial land of [[Alsace-Lorraine]], which had been stripped from France by Germanyජර්මනිය in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1871.<ref>http://francoprussianwar.com/</ref>

Britain had suffered little land devastation during the war and [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[David Lloyd George]] supported reparations to a lesser extent than the French. Britain began to look on a restored Germanyජර්මනිය as an important trading partner and worried about the effect of reparations on the British economy.<ref name="David Thomson 1970, p. 605"/>

There had been strong non-interventionist sentiment before and after the United States entered the war in April 1917, and many Americans were eager to extricate themselves from European affairs as rapidly as possible.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} The United States took a more conciliatory view toward the issue of German reparations. Before the end of the war, [[President of the United States|President]] [[Woodrow Wilson]], along with other American officials including [[Edward M. House]], put forward his [[Fourteen Points]], which he presented in a speech at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]]. The United States also wished to continue trading with Germanyජර්මනිය, so in turn did not want to treat them too harshly for these economic reasons.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

=== Impositions on Germanyජර්මනිය ===

* [[Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles|Article 231]] (the "War Guilt Clause") lays sole responsibility for the war on Germanyජර්මනිය, which is to be accountable for all damage to civilian populations of the Allies.

"In order to render possible the initiation of a general limitation of the armaments of all nations, Germanyජර්මනිය undertakes strictly to observe the military, naval and air clauses which follow."<ref>[[wikisource:Treaty of Versailles|Treaty of Versailles]], [[wikisource:Treaty of Versailles/Part V|Part V]] at Wikisource.</ref>

Germanyජර්මනිය was also forbidden to unite with Austria to form a larger Nation to make up for the lost land

[[File:German losses after WWI.svg|thumb|Germanyජර්මනිය after Versailles:

{{legend|#f6d3a9|[[Weimar Republic|Weimar Germanyජර්මනිය]]}}]]

Germany'sජර්මනියේ borders in 1919 had been established nearly a half-century earlier, at the country's official establishment in 1871. Territory and cities in the region had changed hands repeatedly for centuries, including at various times being owned by the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]], [[Kingdom of Sweden]], [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Kingdom of Poland]], and [[Kingdom of Lithuania]]. However, Germanyජර්මනිය laid claim to lands and cities that it viewed as historically "Germanic" centuries before Germany'sජර්මනියේ establishment as a country in 1871. Other countries disputed Germany'sජර්මනියේ claim to this territory. In the peace treaty, Germanyජර්මනිය agreed to return disputed lands and cities to various countries.

Germanyජර්මනිය was compelled to yield control of [[German colonial empire|its colonies]], and would also lose a number of European territories. The province of [[West Prussia]] would be ceded to the restored [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]], thereby granting it access to the [[Baltic Sea]] via the "[[Polish Corridor]]" which Prussia had annexed in the [[Partitions of Poland]]. This turned [[East Prussia]] into an [[exclave]], separated from mainland Germanyජර්මනිය.

*[[Alsace]] and much of [[Lorraine (region)|Lorraine]], both originally [[Germanyජර්මනිය|Germanජර්මානු]]-speaking territories, were part of [[France]], having been annexed by France's King [[Louis XIV]] who desired the [[Rhine]] as a ''natural border''. After approximately two centuries of [[France|French]] rule, Alsace and the German-speaking part of Lorraine were ceded to Germanyජර්මනිය in 1871 under the [[Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)|Treaty of Frankfurt]]. In 1919 both regions were returned to France.

*The eastern part of Upper Silesia was assigned to Poland, as in the [[Upper Silesia plebiscite]] inhabitants of about 45% of communities voted for this (with general results of 717,122 votes being cast for Germanyජර්මනිය and 483,514 for Poland).

*The province of [[Saarland]] was to be [[League of Nations mandate|under the control of the League of Nations]] for 15 years, after which a plebiscite between France and Germanyජර්මනිය, was to decide to which country it would belong. During this time, coal would be sent to France. The region was then called the ''Saargebiet'' (German: ''Saar Area'') and was formed from southern parts of the German [[Rhine Province]] and western parts of the [[Bavaria]]n [[Palatinate (region)|Palatinate]] under the ''Saar statute'' of the [[Versailles Treaty]] of 28. 6. 1919 (Article 45–50).

*The strategically important port of [[Gdańsk|Danzig]] with the delta of the Vistula River on the Baltic Sea was separated from Germanyජර්මනිය as the [[Freie Stadt Danzig]] (Free City of Danzig). This created the so-called Polish Corridor, giving Poland access to the sea.

*Austria was forbidden from merging with Germanyජර්මනිය.

*In article 22, '''German colonies''' were divided between Belgium, the United Kingdom, and certain British Dominions, France, and Japan with the determination not to see any of them returned to Germanyජර්මනිය — a guarantee secured by Article 119.<ref>Louis (1967), p. 9</ref>

*:In the Pacific, Japan gained Germany’sජර්මනියේ islands north of the equator (the [[Marshall Islands]], the [[Carolines]], the [[Marianas]], the [[Palau|Palau Islands]]) and [[Jiaozhou Bay|Kiautschou]] in China. [[German Samoa]] was assigned to New Zealand; [[German New Guinea]], the [[Bismarck Archipelago]] and [[Nauru]]<ref>Australia in effective control, formally together with United Kingdom and New Zealand</ref> to Australia as mandatory.<ref>Louis (1967), p. 117-130</ref>

Article 156 of the treaty transferred German concessions in [[Shandong]], China, to Japan rather than returning sovereign authority to China. Chinese outrage over this provision led to demonstrations and a cultural movement known as the [[May Fourth Movement]] and influenced China not to sign the treaty. China declared the end of its war against Germanyජර්මනිය in September 1919 and signed a separate treaty with Germanyජර්මනිය in 1921.

[[Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles]] assigned blame for the war to Germanyජර්මනිය; much of the rest of the Treaty set out the reparations that Germanyජර්මනිය would pay to the Allies.

The total sum of war reparations demanded from Germany—aroundජර්මනිය—around 226 billion Reichsmarks—was decided by an Inter-Allied Reparations Commission. In 1921, it was reduced to 132 billion Reichsmarks (then $31.4 billion, or £6.6 billion).<ref name="guinnane"/>

It could be seen that the Versailles reparation impositions were partly a reply to the reparations placed upon France by Germanyජර්මනිය through the 1871 [[Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)|Treaty of Frankfurt]] signed after the [[Franco-Prussian War]]; critics {{Who|date=July 2009}} of the Treaty argued that France had been able to pay the reparations (5,000,000,000 francs) within 3 years while the [[Young Plan]] of 1929 estimated that German reparations would be paid for a further 59 years, until 1988.<ref>{{cite book|title= The German Economy in the Twentieth Century|last= Braun|first= Hans-Joachim |authorlink=|coauthors=|year= 1990|publisher= [[Routledge]]|location=|isbn= 0415021014 |page= 46|quote=The final annuity of RM 898 million was due in 1988.}}</ref> Indemnities of the Treaty of Frankfurt were in turn calculated, on the basis of population, as the precise equivalent of the indemnities imposed by [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon I]] on [[Prussia]] in 1807.<ref>A.J.P. Taylor, ''Bismarck The Man and the Statesman''. New York: Vintage Books. 1967, p. 133.</ref>

The Versailles Reparations came in a variety of forms, including coal, steel, intellectual property (eg. the trademark for [[Aspirin]]) and agricultural products, in no small part because currency reparations of that order of magnitude would lead to [[hyperinflation]], as actually occurred in post-war Germanyජර්මනිය (see [[1920s German inflation]]), thus decreasing the benefits to France and the United Kingdom.

The reparations in the form of coal played a big part in punishing Germanyජර්මනිය. The Treaty of Versailles declared that Germanyජර්මනිය was responsible for the destruction of coal mines in Northern France, parts of Belgium, and parts of Italy. Therefore, France was awarded full possession of Germany'sජර්මනියේ coal-bearing Saar basin for a period. Also, Germanyජර්මනිය was forced to provide France, Belgium, and Italy with millions of tons of coal for ten years. However, under the control of Adolf Hitler, Germanyජර්මනිය stopped outstanding deliveries of coal within a few years, thus violating the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}

A German author has expressed the view that Germanyජර්මනිය would not finish paying off its World War I reparations until 2020.<ref name="berlinonline1999">Jörg Friedrich, ''Von deutschen Schulden'', Berliner Zeitung, 9 October 1999 [http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/1999/1009/none/0001/index.html]</ref>

:ARTICLE 246. Within six months from the coming into force of the present Treaty, ... Germanyජර්මනිය will hand over to His Britannic Majesty's Government the skull of the [[Chief Mkwawa|Sultan Mkwawa]] which was removed from the Protectorate of [[German East Africa]] and taken to Germanyජර්මනිය.

Clemenceau had failed to achieve all of the demands of the French people, and he was voted out of office in the elections of January 1920. French Field Marshal [[Ferdinand Foch]], who felt the restrictions on Germanyජර්මනිය were too lenient, declared (quite accurately), "This is not Peace. It is an Armistice for twenty years."<ref>R. Henig, Versailles and After: 1919–1933 (London: Routledge, 1995) p. 52.</ref>

On 29 April the German delegation under the leadership of the Foreign Minister [[Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff-Rantzau]] arrived in Versailles. On 7 May when faced with the conditions dictated by the victors, including the so-called "[[War Guilt Clause]]", von Brockdorff-Rantzau replied to Clemenceau, Wilson and Lloyd George: "We know the full brunt of hate that confronts us here. You demand from us to confess we were the only guilty party of war; such a confession in my mouth would be a lie."<ref>Foreign Minister Brockdorff-Ranzau when faced with the conditions on May 7th: "Wir kennen die Wucht des Hasses, die uns hier entgegentritt. Es wird von uns verlangt, daß wir uns als die allein Schuldigen am Krieg bekennen; ein solches Bekenntnis wäre in meinem Munde eine Lüge". 2008 School Projekt Heinrich-Heine-Gesamtschule, Düsseldorf http://www.fkoester.de/kursbuch/unterrichtsmaterial/13_2_74.html</ref> Because Germanyජර්මනිය was not allowed to take part in the negotiations, the German government issued a protest against what it considered to be unfair demands, and a "violation of honour"<ref>2008 School Projekt Heinrich-Heine-Gesamtschule, Düsseldorf http://www.fkoester.de/kursbuch/unterrichtsmaterial/13_2_74.html</ref> and soon afterwards, withdrew from the proceedings of the Treaty of Versailles.

Germans of all political shades denounced the treaty—particularly the provision that blamed Germanyජර්මනිය for starting the war—as an insult to the nation's honour. They referred to the treaty as "the ''Diktat''" since its terms were presented to Germanyජර්මනිය on a take-it-or-leave-it basis. Germany'sජර්මනියේ first democratically elected [[Chancellor ofජර්මනියේ Germanyචාන්සලර් (Germanජර්මානු Reichරාජ්‍යය)|Chancellorචාන්සලර්]], [[Philipp Scheidemann]], refused to sign the treaty and resigned. In a passionate speech before the National Assembly on 12 March 1919, he called the treaty a "murderous plan" and exclaimed,

After Scheidemann's resignation, a new coalition government was formed under [[Gustav Bauer]]. [[Presidentජර්මනියේ of Germanyජනාධිපති|Presidentජනාධිපති]] [[Friedrich Ebert]] then asked army commander [[Paul von Hindenburg]] if the army was capable of any meaningful resistance in the event the Allies decided to renew hostilities. If there was even the slightest chance that the army could hold out, Ebert intended to recommend against ratifying the treaty. Hindenburg, under prodding from his chief of staff, [[Wilhelm Groener]], concluded the army's position was untenable. However, rather than inform Ebert himself, he had Groener cable the army's recommendation to the government. Upon receiving this, the new government recommended signing the treaty. The [[Weimar National Assembly|National Assembly]] voted in favour of signing the treaty by 237 to 138, with 5 abstentions. Foreign minister [[Hermann Müller (politician)|Hermann Müller]] and colonial minister [[Johannes Bell]] traveled to Versailles to sign the treaty on behalf of Germanyජර්මනිය. The treaty was signed on 28 June 1919 and ratified by the National Assembly on 9 July 1919 by a vote of 209 to 116.<ref>{{cite book | author = Koppel S. Pinson | title = Modernමොඩර්න් Germanyජර්මනි: Its History and Civilization| edition = 13th printing| year = 1964| publisher = Macmillan | location = New York| page = 397 f }}</ref>

Conservatives, nationalists and ex-military leaders condemned the peace and democratic Weimar politicians, socialists, [[communists]], and [[Jews]] were viewed by them with suspicion, due to their supposed extra-national loyalties.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} It was rumoured that the Jews had not supported the war and had played a role in selling out Germanyජර්මනිය to its enemies. Those who seemed to benefit from a weakened Germanyජර්මනිය, and the newly formed Weimar Republic, were regarded as having "stabbed Germanyජර්මනිය in the back" on the [[home front]], by either opposing German [[nationalism]], instigating unrest and strikes in the critical military industries or profiteering.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} These theories were given credence by the fact that when Germanyජර්මනිය surrendered in November 1918, its armies were still on French and Belgian territory. Furthermore, on the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]], Germanyජර්මනිය had already won the war against Russia and concluded the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]]. In the West, Germanyජර්මනිය had seemed to have come close to winning the war with the [[Spring Offensive]] earlier in 1918.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} Its failure was blamed on strikes in the arms industry at a critical moment of the offensive, leaving soldiers with an inadequate supply of [[materiel]]. The strikes were regarded by nationalists as having been instigated by traitors, with the Jews taking most of the blame.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}

In March 1921, French and Belgian troops occupied Duisburg, which formed part of the demilitarized Rhineland, according to the Treaty of Versailles. In January 1923 French and Belgian forces occupied the rest of the Ruhr area as a reprisal after Germanyජර්මනිය failed to fulfill reparation payments demanded by the Versailles Treaty. The German government answered with "passive resistance," which meant that coal miners and railway workers refused to obey any instructions by the occupation forces. Production and transportation came to a standstill, but the financial consequences contributed to German hyperinflation and completely ruined public finances in Germanyජර්මනිය. Consequently, passive resistance was called off in late 1923. The end of passive resistance in the Ruhr allowed Germanyජර්මනිය to undertake a currency reform and to negotiate the Dawes Plan, which led to the withdrawal of French and Belgian troops from the Ruhr Area in 1925.

* On 16 April 1922, representatives of the governments of Germanyජර්මනිය and the Soviet Union signed the [[Rapallo Treaty]] at a [[World Economic Conference]] at [[Genoa]] in Italy. The treaty re-established diplomatic relations, renounced financial claims on each other and pledged future cooperation.

* In March 1935, [[Adolf Hitler]] violated the Treaty of Versailles by introducing compulsory military conscription in Germanyජර්මනිය and rebuilding the armed forces. This included a new Navy ([[Kriegsmarine]]), the first full armoured divisions ([[Panzerwaffe]]), and an Air Force ([[Luftwaffe]]).

In his book ''[[The Economic Consequences of the Peace]]'', [[John Maynard Keynes|Keynes]] referred to the Treaty of Versailles as a "[[Carthaginian peace]]", a misguided attempt to destroy Germanyජර්මනිය on behalf of French revanchism, rather than to follow the fairer principles for a lasting peace set out in President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, which Germanyජර්මනිය had accepted at the armistice. He stated: "I believe that the

campaign for securing out of Germanyජර්මනිය the general costs of the war was

statesmen have ever been responsible."<ref name="consequences1"/> Keynes had been the principal representative of the British Treasury at the Paris Peace Conference, and used in his passionate book arguments that he and others (including some US officials) had used at Paris.<ref>Markwell, Donald, ''John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace'', Oxford University Press, 2006.</ref> He believed the sums being asked of Germanyජර්මනිය in reparations were many times more than it was possible for Germanyජර්මනිය to pay, and that these would produce drastic instability.<ref>Keynes, ''The Economic Consequences of the Peace'', 1919 Ch VI. quote: The Treaty includes no provisions for the economic rehabilitation of Europe—nothing to make the defeated Central Empires into good neighbors, nothing to stabilize the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old World and the New. The Council of Four paid no attention to these issues, being preoccupied with others—Clemenceau to crush the economic life of his enemy, Lloyd George to do a deal and bring home something which would pass muster for a week, the President to do nothing that was not just and right. It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problems of a Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it as a problem of theology, of polities, of electoral chicane, from every point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny they were handling.</ref>

More recently it has been argued (for instance by historian [[Gerhard Weinberg]] in his book "A World At Arms"<ref>Reynolds, David. (February 20, 1994). [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9903EED81438F933A15751C0A962958260 "Over There, and There, and There."] Review of: "A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II," by Gerhard L. Weinberg. New York: Cambridge University Press.</ref>) that the treaty was in fact quite advantageous to Germanyජර්මනිය. The Bismarckian Reich was maintained as a political unit instead of being broken up, and Germanyජර්මනිය largely escaped post-war military occupation (in contrast to the situation following World War II.)

The British military historian [[Correlli Barnett]] claimed that the Treaty of Versailles was "extremely lenient in comparison with the peace terms Germanyජර්මනිය herself, when she was expecting to win the war, had had in mind to impose on the Allies". Furthermore, he claimed, it was "hardly a slap on the wrist" when contrasted with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk that Germanyජර්මනිය had imposed on a defeated Russia in March 1918, which had taken away a third of Russia's population (albeit of non-Russian ethnicity), one half of Russia's industrial undertakings and nine-tenths of Russia's coal mines, coupled with an indemnity of six billion Marks.<ref>Correlli Barnett, ''The Collapse of British Power'' (London: Pan, 2002), p. 392.</ref> Eventually, even under the "cruel" terms of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany'sජර්මනියේ economy had been restored to its pre-war status.

Barnett also claims that, in strategic terms, Germanyජර්මනිය was in fact in a superior position following the Treaty than she had been in 1914. Germany'sජර්මනියේ eastern frontiers faced Russia and Austria, who had both in the past balanced German power. But Barnett asserts that, because the Austrian empire fractured after the war into smaller, weaker states and Russia was wracked by revolution and civil war, the newly restored Poland was no match for even a defeated Germanyජර්මනිය.

In the West, Germanyජර්මනිය was balanced only by France and Belgium, both of which were smaller in population and less economically vibrant than Germanyජර්මනිය. Barnett concludes by saying that instead of weakening Germanyජර්මනිය, the Treaty "much enhanced" German power.<ref>Barnett, p. 316.</ref> Britain and France should have (according to Barnett) "divided and permanently weakened" Germanyජර්මනිය by undoing Bismarck's work and partitioning Germanyජර්මනිය into smaller, weaker states so it could never disrupt the peace of Europe again.<ref>Barnett, p. 318.</ref> By failing to do this and therefore not solving the problem of German power and restoring the equilibrium of Europe, Britain "had failed in her main purpose in taking part in the Great War".<ref>Barnett, p. 319.</ref>

Regardless of modern strategic or economic analysis, resentment caused by the treaty sowed fertile psychological ground for the eventual rise of the Nazi party. Indeed, on [[Naziනාසි Germanyජර්මනිය‍|නාසි ජර්මනියේ]]'s rise to power, Adolf Hitler resolved to overturn the remaining military and territorial provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. Military buildup began almost immediately in direct defiance of the Treaty, which, by then, had been destroyed by Hitler in front of a cheering crowd. "It was this treaty which caused a chain reaction leading to World War II," claimed historian Dan Rowling (1951). Various references to the treaty are found in many of Hitler's speeches and in pre-war [[Nazi propaganda]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}

* [http://www.exulanten.com/cr2.html Text of Protest by Germanyජර්මනි and Acceptance of Fair Peace Treaty]

[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Peace treaties of Germanyජර්මනිය]]