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{{About|the type of reference work}}
{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
[[
'''විශ්වකෝෂයක්''' (අක්ෂර වින්යාසයේදී '''encyclopedia''' හෝ '''encyclopædia''') යනු type of [[reference work]], a [[compendium]] holding a summary of [[information]] from either all branches of [[knowledge]] or a particular branch of knowledge.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://library.rcc.edu/riverside/glossaryoflibraryterms.htm#e |title=Encyclopedia. |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070803182506/http://library.rcc.edu/riverside/glossaryoflibraryterms.htm#e |archivedate=2007-08-03}} Glossary of Library Terms. Riverside City College, Digital Library/Learning Resource Center. Retrieved on: November 17, 2007.</ref>
Encyclopedias are divided into [[article (publishing)|
Encyclopaedia|author= |date= |work= Encyclopaedia Brittanica|quote=An English lexicographer, H.W. Fowler, wrote in the preface to the first edition (1911) of ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English'' that a dictionary is concerned with the uses of words and phrases and with giving information about the things for which they stand only so far as current use of the words depends upon knowledge of those things. The emphasis in an encyclopaedia is much more on the nature of the things for which the words and phrases stand.|accessdate=July 27, 2010}}</ref><ref name=DOLei>{{cite book |title= Dictionary of Lexicography|last= Hartmann|first=R. R. K. |coauthors= Gregory James|year= 1998|publisher= Routledge|location= |isbn= 0415141435|page=49 |pages= |url= http://books.google.com/?id=49NZ12icE-QC&pg=PA49&dq=%22encyclopedic+dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia|accessdate=July 27, 2010|quote=In contrast with linguistic information, encyclopedia material is more concerned with the description of objective realities than the words or phrases that refer to them. In practice, however, there is no hard and fast boundary between factual and lexical knowledge.}}</ref><ref name=OHEL22>{{cite book |title= The Oxford History of English Lexicography, Volume I|last= Cowie|first=Anthony Paul|year= 2009|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= |isbn= 0415141435|page=22|pages= |url= http://books.google.com/?id=nhnVF9Or_wMC&printsec=frontcover&q|accessdate=August 17, 2010|quote=An 'encyclopedia' (encyclopaedia) usually gives more information than a dictionary; it explains not only the words but also the things and concepts referred to by the words.}}</ref>
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{{quote|Indeed, the purpose of an encyclopedia is to collect knowledge disseminated around the globe; to set forth its general system to the men with whom we live, and transmit it to those who will come after us, so that the work of preceding centuries will not become useless to the centuries to come; and so that our offspring, becoming better instructed, will at the same time become more virtuous and happy, and that we should not die without having rendered a service to the human race in the future years to come.<ref>Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;idno=did2222.0000.004;rgn=main;view=text ''Encyclopédie.''] University of Michigan Library:Scholarly Publishing Office and DLXS. Retrieved on: November 17, 2007</ref>| [[Denis Diderot|Diderot]]}}
== History ==
=== Pliny the Elder ===
[[
One of the earliest encyclopedic works to have survived to modern times is the [[Naturalis Historia]] of [[Pliny the Elder]], a [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] statesman living in the 1st century AD. He compiled a work of 37 chapters covering natural history, art and architecture, medicine, geography, geology and all aspects of the world around him. He stated in the preface that he had compiled 20,000 facts from 2000 different works by 200 authors, and added many others from his own experience. The work was published circa AD 77-79, although he probably never finished proofing the work before his death in the eruption of [[Vesuvius]] in 79 AD.
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Although his work has been criticized for the lack of candor in checking the "facts", some of his text has been confirmed by recent research, like the spectacular remains of Roman [[gold mines]] in Spain, especially at [[Las Medulas]], which Pliny probably saw in operation while a [[Promagistrate|Procurator]] there a few years before he compiled the encyclopedia. Although many of the [[mining]] methods are now redundant, such as [[hushing]] and [[fire-setting]], it is Pliny who recorded them for posterity, so helping us understand their importance in a modern context. Pliny makes clear in the preface to the work that he had checked his facts by reading and comparing the works of others, as well as referring to them by name. Many such books are now [[lost works]] and remembered only by his references, much like the lost sources mentioned in the work of [[Vitruvius]] a century earlier.
=== Middle Ages ===
[[
[[Saint Isidore of Seville]], one of the greatest scholars of the early Middle Ages, is widely recognized as being the author of the first known encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, the [[Etymologiae]] (around 630), in which he compiled a sizable portion of the learning available at his time, both ancient and modern. The encyclopedia has 448 chapters in 20 volumes, and is valuable because of the quotes and fragments of texts by other authors that would have been lost had they not been collected by Saint Isidore.
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The [[Suda]] or Souda (Greek: Σοῦδα) is a massive 10th century Byzantine encyclopedia of the ancient Mediterranean world, formerly attributed to an author called Suidas. It is an encyclopedic lexicon, written in Greek, with 30,000 entries, many drawing from ancient sources that have since been lost, and often derived from medieval Christian compilers.
=== Arabic and Persian ===
The [[Historiography of early Islam|early Muslim compilations of knowledge]] in the Middle Ages included many comprehensive works, and much development of what we now call [[scientific method]]{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}, [[historical method]]{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}, and [[citation]]{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}. About year 960, the [[Brethren of Purity]] of [[Basra]]<ref>P.D. Wightman (1953), ''The Growth of Scientific Ideas''</ref> were engaged in their [[Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity]]. Notable works include [[Al-Razi|Abu Bakr al-Razi]]'s encyclopedia of science, the [[Mutazilite]] [[Al-Kindi]]'s prolific output of 270 books, and [[Ibn Sina]]'s medical encyclopedia, which was a standard reference work for centuries. Also notable are works of [[universal history]] (or sociology) from [[Asharite]]s, [[al-Tabri]], [[Masudi|al-Masudi]], [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]]'s ''[[History of the Prophets and Kings]]'', [[Ibn Rustah]], [[Ali ibn al-Athir|al-Athir]], and [[Ibn Khaldun]], whose [[The Muqadimmah|Muqadimmah]] contains cautions regarding trust in written records that remain wholly applicable today. These scholars had an incalculable influence on methods of research and editing, due in part to the Islamic practice of [[isnad]] which emphasized fidelity to written record, checking sources, and skeptical inquiry.
=== China ===
{{Main|Chinese encyclopedia}}
The enormous encyclopedic work in China of the ''[[Four Great Books of Song]]'', compiled by the 11th century during the early [[Song Dynasty]] (960–1279), was a massive literary undertaking for the time. The last encyclopedia of the four, the ''[[Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau]]'', amounted to 9.4 million [[Chinese characters]] in 1,000 written volumes. There were many great encyclopedists throughout Chinese history, including the scientist and statesman [[Shen Kuo]] (1031–1095) with his ''[[Dream Pool Essays]]'' of 1088, the statesman, inventor, and agronomist [[Wang Zhen (official)|Wang Zhen]] (active 1290–1333) with his ''Nong Shu'' of 1313, and the written ''Tiangong Kaiwu'' of [[Song Yingxing]] (1587–1666), the latter of whom was termed the "[[Denis Diderot|Diderot of China]]" by British historian [[Joseph Needham]].<ref name="needham volume 5 part 7 102">Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 102.</ref>
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These works were all hand copied and thus rarely available, beyond wealthy patrons or monastic men of learning: they were expensive, and usually written for those extending knowledge rather than those using it.<ref name="dotma"/>
=== 17th–19th centuries ===
[[
The beginnings of the modern idea of the general-purpose, widely distributed printed encyclopedia precede the 18th century encyclopedists. However, [[Ephraim Chambers|Chambers]]' ''[[Cyclopaedia, or Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences]]'' (1728), and the ''[[Encyclopédie]]'' of Diderot and D'Alembert (1751 onwards), as well as ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' and the ''[[Brockhaus encyclopedia|Conversations-Lexikon]]'', were the first to realize the form we would recognize today, with a comprehensive scope of topics, discussed in depth and organized in an accessible, systematic method. Chambers, in 1728, followed the earlier lead of John Harris's ''[[Lexicon Technicum]]'' of 1704 and later editions (see also below); this work was by its title and content "A Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences: Explaining not only the Terms of Art, but the Arts Themselves".
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The English physician and philosopher, Sir [[Thomas Browne]], specifically employed the word ''encyclopaedia'' as early as 1646 in the preface to the reader to describe his ''[[Pseudodoxia Epidemica]]'' or ''Vulgar Errors'', a series of refutations of common errors of his age. Browne structured his encyclopaedia upon the time-honoured schemata of the Renaissance, the so-called 'scale of creation' which ascends a hierarchical ladder via the mineral, vegetable, animal, human, planetary and cosmological worlds. Browne's compendium went through no less than five editions, each revised and augmented, the last edition appearing in 1672. ''Pseudodoxia Epidemica'' found itself upon the bookshelves of many educated European readers for throughout the late 17th century and early 18th century it was translated, for many years it was not thought compatible with the French and Dutcheze, into the French, [[Netherlands|Dutch]] and German languages as well as [[Latin]].
[[
[[John Harris (writer)|John Harris]] is often credited with introducing the now-familiar alphabetic format in 1704 with his English ''Lexicon Technicum: Or, A Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences: Explaining not only the Terms of Art, but the Arts Themselves'' – to give its full title. Organized alphabetically, its content does indeed contain explanation not merely of the terms used in the arts and sciences, but of the arts and sciences themselves. [[Isaac Newton|Sir Isaac Newton]] contributed his only published work on chemistry to the second volume of 1710. Its emphasis was on science—and conformably to the broad 18th-century understanding of the term 'science', its content extends beyond what would be called science or technology today, and includes topics from the humanities and fine arts, e.g. a substantial number from law, commerce, music, and heraldry. At about 1,200 pages, its scope can be considered as more that of an encyclopedic dictionary than a true encyclopedia. Harris himself considered it a dictionary; the work is one of the first technical dictionaries in any language.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}
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The [[German-language]] ''[[Brockhaus encyclopedia|Conversations-Lexikon]]'' was published at [[Leipzig]] from 1796 to 1808, in 6 volumes. Paralleling other 18th century encyclopedias, its scope was expanded beyond that of earlier publications, in an effort at comprehensiveness. It was, however, intended not for scholarly use but to provide results of research and discovery in a simple and popular form without extensive detail. This format, a contrast to the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', was widely imitated by later 19th century encyclopedias in Britain, the United States, France, Spain, Italy and other countries. Of the influential late-18th century and early-19th century encyclopedias, the ''Conversations-Lexikon'' is perhaps most similar in form to today's encyclopedias.
[[
The early years of the 19th century saw a flowering of encyclopedia publishing in the United Kingdom, Europe and America. In England ''[[Rees's Cyclopaedia]]'' (1802–1819) contains an enormous amount in information about the industrial and scientific revolutions of the time. A feature of these publications is the high-quality illustrations made by engravers like [[Wilson Lowry]] of art work supplied by specialist draftsmen like [[John Farey, Jr.]] Encyclopaedias were published in Scotland, as a result of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]], for education there was of a higher standard than in the rest of the United Kingdom.
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In the early 20th century, the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' reached its eleventh edition, and inexpensive encyclopedias such as ''[[Harmsworth's Universal Encyclopaedia]]'' and ''[[Everyman's Encyclopaedia]]'' were common.
=== 20th century ===
[[
Popular and affordable encyclopaedias such as [[Harmsworth's Universal Encyclopaedia]] and the [[Children's Encyclopaedia]] appeared in the early 1920s.
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==== Free encyclopedias ====
{{See also|History of wikis}}
[[
The concept of a new free encyclopedia began with the [[Interpedia]] proposal on [[Usenet]] in 1993, which outlined an Internet-based [[online encyclopedia]] to which anyone could submit content and that would be freely accessible.
Early projects in this vein included [[Everything2]] and [[Open Site]].
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The English Wikipedia became the world's largest encyclopedia in 2004 at the 300,000 article stage<ref>[http://linuxreviews.org/news/2004/07/07_3000k/ "Wikipedia Passes 300,000 Articles making it the worlds largest encyclopedia"], ''Linux Reviews'', 2004 July 7.</ref> and by late 2005, Wikipedia had produced over two million articles in more than 80 languages with content licensed under the [[copyleft]] [[GNU Free Documentation License]]. As of August 2009, Wikipedia has over 3 million articles in English and well over 10 million combined in over 250 languages. Since 2003, other free encyclopedias like the Chinese-language [[Baidu Baike]] and [[Hudong]], as well as English language encyclopedias like [[Citizendium]] and [[Knol]] have appeared.
=== 21st century ===
[[
The encyclopedia's hierarchical structure and evolving nature is particularly adaptable to a [[Digital media|digital format]]{{dn}}, and all major printed multi-subject encyclopedias had moved to this method of delivery by the end of the 20th century. [[Disk storage|Disk-based]], typically [[DVD-ROM]] or [[CD-ROM]] format, publications have the advantage of being cheaply produced and easily portable. Additionally, they can include [[Electronic media|media]] which are impossible to store in the printed format, such as [[animation]]s, [[sound recording|audio]] and [[video]]. [[Hyperlink]]ing between conceptually related items is also a significant benefit, although even Diderot's encyclopedia had cross-referencing.
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Digital encyclopedias also offer greater search abilities than printed versions. While the printed versions rely on indexes to assist in searching for topics, computer accessible versions allow searching through article text for keywords or phrases.
== Characteristics ==
{{Ref improve section|Date June 2010|date=June 2010}}
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Four major elements define an encyclopaedia: its subject matter, its scope, its method of organization, and its method of production:
* Encyclopaedias can be general, containing articles on [[topic]]s in every field (the English-language ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' and German ''[[Brockhaus Enzyklopädie|Brockhaus]]'' are well-known examples). General encyclopaedias often contain guides on how to do a variety of things, as well as embedded dictionaries and [[gazetteer]]s.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} There are also encyclopaedias that cover a wide variety of topics but from a particular cultural, ethnic, or national perspective, such as the ''[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]'' or ''[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]]''.
* Works of encyclopedic scope aim to convey the important accumulated knowledge for their subject domain, such as an encyclopaedia of medicine, philosophy, or law. Works vary in the breadth of material and the depth of discussion, depending on the [[target audience]]. (For example, the [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html Medical encyclopaedia] produced by A.D.A.M., Inc. for the U.S. [[National Institutes of Health]].)
* Some systematic method of organization is essential to making an encyclopaedia usable as a work of reference. There have historically been two main methods of organizing printed encyclopaedias: the [[alphabetical order|alphabetical]] method (consisting of a number of separate articles, organised in alphabetical order), or organization by [[hierarchy|hierarchical]] categories. The former method is today the most common by far, especially for general works. The fluidity of electronic media, however, allows new possibilities for multiple methods of organization of the same content. Further, electronic media offer previously unimaginable capabilities for search, indexing and cross reference. The epigraph from [[Horace]] on the title page of the 18th century ''Encyclopédie'' suggests the importance of the structure of an encyclopaedia: "What grace may be added to commonplace matters by the power of order and connection."
* As modern multimedia and the information age have evolved, they have had an ever-increasing effect on the collection, verification, summation, and presentation of information of all kinds. Projects such as [[Everything2]], [[Encarta]], [[h2g2]], and [[Wikipedia]] are examples of new forms of the encyclopaedia as information retrieval becomes simpler.
Some works entitled "dictionaries" are actually similar to encyclopaedias, especially those concerned with a particular field (such as the ''[[Dictionary of the Middle Ages]]'', the ''[[Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships]]'', and ''[[Black's Law Dictionary]]''). The ''[[Macquarie Dictionary]],'' Australia's national dictionary, became an [[encyclopedic dictionary]] after its first edition in recognition of the use of proper nouns in common communication, and the words derived from such proper nouns.
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In practice, however, the distinction is not concrete, as there is no clear-cut difference between factual, "encyclopedic" information and linguistic information such as appears in dictionaries.<ref name=DOLei/><ref name=Bejoint31>{{cite book |title= Modern Lexicography|last= Béjoint|first= Henri |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 2000|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= |isbn= 0198299516|page= 31|pages= |url= |accessdate=|quote= The two types, as we have seen, are not easily differentiated; encyclopedias contain information that is also to be found in dictionaries, and vice versa.}}</ref><ref name=DOLencyclopedicdefinition>{{cite journal|journal= Dictionary of Lexicography|last= Hartmann|first=R. R. K. |last2=James|first2=Gregory|coauthors= Gregory James|year= 1998|publisher= Routledge|location= |isbn= 0415141435|pages=48–49 |title=Encyclopedic definition |url= http://books.google.com/?id=49NZ12icE-QC&pg=PA49&dq=%22encyclopedic+dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia|accessdate=July 27, 2010|quote=Usually these two aspects overlap - encyclopedic information being difficult to distinguish from linguistic information - and dictionaries attempt to capture both in the explanation of a meaning...}}</ref> Thus encyclopedias may contain material that is also found in dictionaries, and vice versa.<ref name=Bejoint31/> In particular, dictionary entries often contain factual information about the thing named by the word.<ref name=Bejoint31/><ref name=DOLencyclopedicdefinition/>
== Etymology ==
[[
{{See also|American and British English spelling differences#Simplification of ae and oe}}
The word "encyclopaedia" comes from the [[Pseudo-]]<ref>{{cite book
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| year = 1971
| page=861
}}</ref> [[Ancient Greek|Classical Greek]] {{polytonic|"ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία"}}, transliterated "enkyklios paideia"; "enkyklios" (''ἐγκύκλιος''), meaning "circular, recurrent, required regularly, general" + "paideia" (''παιδεία''), meaning "education". Together, the phrase literally translates as "common knowledge" or "general knowledge". Copyists of Latin manuscripts took this phrase to be a single Greek word, "enkuklopaedia", with the same meaning, and this spurious Greek word became the New Latin word "encyclopaedia", which in turn came into English. Though the notion of a compendium of knowledge dates back thousands of years, the term was first used in the title of a book in 1541 by [[Joachimus Fortius Ringelbergius]], ''Lucubrationes vel potius absolutissima kyklopaideia'' ([[Basel]], 1541). The word ''encyclopaedia'' was first used as a noun in the title of his book by the Croatian [[encyclopedist]] [[Paul Skalić|Pavao Skalić]] in his ''Encyclopaedia seu orbis disciplinarum tam sacrarum quam prophanarum epistemon'' (Encyclopaedia, or Knowledge of the World of Disciplines, Basel, 1559).{{Dubious|date=September 2009}} One of the oldest vernacular uses was by [[François Rabelais]] in his ''Pantagruel'' in 1532.<ref>{{cite conference|booktitle=Pre-Modern Encyclopaedic Texts: Proceedings of the Second Comers Congress, Groningen, 1 – July 4, 1996|year=1997|publisher=BRILL|pages=213|author=Bert Roest|title=Compilation as Theme and Praxis in Franciscan Universal Chronicles|id=ISBN
Several encyclopaedias have names that include the suffix ''-p(a)edia'', e.g., [[Banglapedia]] (on matters relevant for Bengal).
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In British usage, the spellings ''encyclopedia'' and ''encyclopaedia'' are both current.<ref>[http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?title=21st&query=encyclopaedia "encyclopaedia"], Chambers Reference Online; [http://www.askoxford.com/results/?view=dict&field-12668446=encyclopaedia&branch=13842570&textsearchtype=exact&sortorder=score%2Cname "encyclopaedia"], AskOxford.</ref> Although the latter spelling is considered more "proper" by British speakers, the former is becoming increasingly common in British English, in part due to the spread of American English. In American usage, only the former is commonly used.<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/61/97/E0129700.html "encyclopaedia"], Bartleby.com; [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/encyclopaedia "Encyclopaedia"], Merriam Webster.</ref> The spelling ''encyclopædia''—with the ''[[æ]]'' [[ligature (typography)|ligature]]—was frequently used in the 19th century and is increasingly rare, although it is retained in product titles such as ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' and others. The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' (1989) records ''encyclopædia'' and ''encyclopaedia'' as equal alternatives (in that order), and notes the ''æ'' would be obsolete except that it is preserved in works that have Latin titles. ''[[Webster's Dictionary|Webster's Third New International Dictionary]]'' (1997–2002) features ''encyclopedia'' as the main headword and ''encyclopaedia'' as a minor variant. In addition, ''cyclopedia'' and ''cyclopaedia'' are now rarely-used shortened forms of the word originating in the 17th century.
== See also ==
{{Portalbox|Literature|Education}}
{{div col}}
* [[Biographical dictionary]]
* [[Encyclopedic dictionary]]
* [[Fictitious entry]]
* [[History of science and technology]]
* [[Lexicography]]
* [[Lexicon]]
* [[Library science]]
* [[List of encyclopedias]]
* [[Thesaurus]]
{{div col end}}
== Notes ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
== References ==
{{refbegin|colwidth=60em}}
* [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=encyclopedia&searchmode=none EtymologyOnline]
* {{cite web |url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia|title=
Encyclopaedia|author= |date= |work= Encyclopaedia Brittanica|quote= |accessdate=July 27, 2010}}
* {{cite book |title= Modern Lexicography|last= Béjoint|first= Henri |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 2000|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= |isbn= 0198299516|page= |pages= |url= |accessdate=|quote= }}
* {{cite book|title=Lexicography at a Crossroads: Dictionaries and Encyclopedias Today, Lexicographical Tools Tomorrow|editor=Bergenholtz, H., Nielsen, S., Tarp, S.|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2009|isbn=978-3-03911-799-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Blom|first=Phillip|title=Enlightening the World: Encyclopédie, the Book that Changed the Course of History|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=New York; Basingstoke|year=2004|isbn=9781403968951|oclc=57669780}}
* {{cite book|last=Collison|first=Robert Lewis|title=Encyclopaedias: Their History Throughout the Ages|publisher=Hafner|location=New York, London|year=1966|edition=2nd|oclc=220101699}}
* {{cite book |title= The Oxford History of English Lexicography, Volume I|last= Cowie|first=Anthony Paul|year= 2009|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= |isbn= 0415141435|page=|pages= |url= http://books.google.com/?id=nhnVF9Or_wMC&printsec=frontcover&q|accessdate=August 17, 2010|quote=}}
* {{cite book|last=Darnton|first=Robert|title=The business of enlightenment : a publishing history of the Encyclopédie, 1775–1800|publisher=Belknap Press|location=Cambridge|year=1979|isbn=0-674-08785-2}}
* {{cite book |title= Dictionary of Lexicography|last= Hartmann|first=R. R. K. |last2=James|first2=Gregory|coauthors= Gregory James|year= 1998|publisher= Routledge|location= |isbn= 0415141435|page=|pages= |url= http://books.google.com/?id=49NZ12icE-QC&pg=PA49&dq=%22encyclopedic+dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia|accessdate=July 27, 2010|quote=}}
* {{cite book|title=Notable encyclopedias of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: nine predecessors of the Encyclopédie|editor=Kafker, Frank A.|publisher=Voltaire Foundation|location=Oxford|year=1981|isbn=9780729402569|oclc=10645788}}
* {{cite book|title=Notable encyclopedias of the late eighteenth century: eleven successors of the Encyclopédie|editor=Kafker, Frank A.|publisher=Voltaire Foundation|location=Oxford|year=1994|isbn=9780729404679|oclc=30787125}}
* {{cite book|last=Needham|first=Joseph|title=Science and Civilization in China|publisher=Caves Books Ltd.|location=Taipei|year=1986|volume=5 – Chemistry and Chemical Technology|chapter=Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic|isbn=9780521303583|oclc=59245877}}
* {{cite journal|last=Rosenzweig|first=Roy|authorlink=Roy Rosenzweig|date=June 2006|title=Can History Be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past|journal=Journal of American History|volume=93|issue=1|pages=117–46|issn=1945-2314|url=http://chnm.gmu.edu/essays-on-history-new-media/essays/?essayid=42}}
* {{cite book|last=Walsh|first=S. Padraig|title=Anglo-American general encyclopedias: a historical bibliography, 1703–1967|publisher=Bowker|location=New York|year=1968|page=270|oclc=577541}}
* {{cite book|last=Yeo|first=Richard R.|title=Encyclopaedic visions : scientific dictionaries and enlightenment culture|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, New York|year=2001|isbn=9780521651912|oclc=45828872|url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521651913}}
{{refend}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Encyclopedias}}
{{Wiktionary|encyclopedia|encyclopaedia|encyclopedic}}
* [http://www.hindupedia.com Hindupedia], encyclopedia of Hindu Dharma
* [http://www.search.com/search?channel=19&cat=63 CNET's encyclopedia meta-search] (includes Wikipedia)
* [http://www.educ.fc.ul.pt/hyper/eng/index.html Encyclopaedia and Hypertext] <!-- Is this important enough to include in this article? -->
* [http://www.accuracyproject.org/cbe-errors-books.html Internet Accuracy Project] – Biographical errors in encyclopedias and almanacs
* [http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;idno=did2222.0000.004;rgn=main;view=text Encyclopedia] – Diderot's article on the Encyclopedia from the original [[Encyclopédie]].
* [http://www.lib.duke.edu/lilly/artsearch/guides/discussion%20guides/scholarlyencycl.htm What makes a scholarly encyclopedia?]
* [http://www.dm.unipi.it/~tucci/index.html De expetendis et fugiendis rebus] – First Renaissance encyclopedia
* [http://www.onlinesciencedictionary.net/ Science Dictionary] – Online Comprehensive Science Encyclopedia
* [http://kennedy.byu.edu/staff/peterson/multivol/multibooks.html Errors and inconsistencies in several printed reference books and encyclopedias]
* [http://reviews.cnet.com/4520-3118_7-6378998.html Digital encyclopedias put the world at your fingertips] – [[CNET]] article
* [http://lii.org/pub/htdocs/search?action=show;search=encyclopedia;searchtype=keywords Librarians' Internet Index] – a list of encyclopedias online
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20080112134535/http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/reference/encycl.htm Encyclopedias online] University of Wisconsin – Stout listing by category
* [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/HistSciTech/subcollections/CyclopaediaAbout.shtml Chambers' ''Cyclopaedia''], 1728, with the 1753 supplement
* [http://encarta.msn.com/ ''Encarta Encyclopedia''] ([http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1256962101378386 Archived] 2009-10-31)
* [http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa&cc=moa&key=title&page=browse&value=encyclop%C3%A6dia+americana&Submit=Quick+Browse ''Encyclopædia Americana''], 1851, [[Francis Lieber]] ed. (Boston: Mussey & Co.) at the University of Michigan Making of America site
* [http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/ ''Encyclopædia Britannica''], articles and illustrations from 9th ed., 1875–89, and 10th ed., 1902–03.
* [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/ ''Encyclopædia Britannica''], 11th ed., 1911, at the LoveToKnow site.
* [http://siteslist.vkhoria.co.in/search/label/Encyclopedia/ ''Encyclopedia Sites list'']
* {{Wikisource-inline|list=
** {{Cite Collier's|Cyclopædia|noicon=x}}
** {{Cite Americana|Encyclopædia|noicon=x}}
** {{Cite NSRW|Encyclopædia|noicon=x}}
** {{Cite EB1911|Encyclopaedia|noicon=x}}
** {{Cite Nuttall|Encyclopædia|first_letter=E|noicon=x}}
** {{Cite NIE|Encyclopædia|year=1905|noicon=x}}
}}
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