පල්ලිය (ගොඩනැගිල්ල)
මෙම ලිපිය පරිවර්තනය කළ යුතුය කරුණාකර මෙම ලිපිය සිංහල භාෂාවට පරිවර්තනය කිරීමෙන් දායකවන්න. |
පල්ලිය, පල්ලි ගොඩනැගිල්ල හෝ පල්ලි නිවස යනු ක්‍රිස්තියානි නමස්කාර සේවා සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රිස්තියානි ආගමික කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා කරන ගොඩනැගිල්ලකි. 233 සහ 256 අතර ආරම්භ කරන ලද පැරණිතම ක්‍රිස්තියානි පල්ලිය වන්නේ ගෘහ දේවස්ථානයකි. 11 සිට 14 වන සියවස දක්වා බටහිර යුරෝපයේ පල්ලි ඉදිකිරීමේ රැල්ලක් පැවතුනි.
සමහර විට, "පල්ලිය" යන වචනය වෙනත් ආගම්වල ගොඩනැගිලි සඳහා සාදෘශ්‍ය ලෙස භාවිතා කරයි.[1] සමස්තයක් ලෙස ක්‍රිස්තියානි ආගමික ප්‍රජාව හෝ ලොව පුරා සිටින ක්‍රිස්තියානි ඇදහිලිවන්තයන්ගේ ශරීරයක් හෝ රැස්වීමක් විස්තර කිරීමට ද "පල්ලිය" භාවිතා වේ.[2]
සාම්ප්‍රදායික ක්‍රිස්තියානි ගෘහනිර්මාණ ශිල්පය තුළ, පල්ලියක සැලසුම් දැක්ම බොහෝ විට ක්‍රිස්තියානි කුරුසයක් ලෙස සාදයි; මධ්‍ය අයිලය සහ ආසන සිරස් කදම්භය නියෝජනය කරන අතර බෙමාව සහ පූජාසනය තිරස්ව සාදයි. කුළුණු හෝ ගෝලාකාර ගර්භය ස්වර්ගය ගැන මෙනෙහි කිරීමට පෙළඹවිය හැක. නූතන පල්ලිවල විවිධ වාස්තුවිද්‍යාත්මක ශෛලිය සහ පිරිසැලසුම් ඇත. වෙනත් අරමුණු සඳහා නිර්මාණය කරන ලද සමහර ගොඩනැගිලි පල්ලි බවට පරිවර්තනය කර ඇති අතර බොහෝ මුල් පල්ලි ගොඩනැගිලි වෙනත් භාවිතයන් සඳහා යොදා ගෙන ඇත.
නිරුක්තිය
සංස්කරණය
"පල්ලිය" යන වචනය පැරැණි ඉංග්‍රීසි cirice, "ක්‍රිස්තියානි නමස්කාරය සඳහා වෙන් කර ඇති එක්රැස්වීමේ ස්ථානය" යන වචනයෙන් ව්‍යුත්පන්න වී ඇත්තේ ප්‍රොටෝ-ජර්මානු "කිරිකා" යන්නෙනි. මෙය බොහෝ විට පැරණි ග්‍රීක kyriake (oikia), kyriakon doma, "The Lord's (house)", kyrios, "ryler, lord" වෙතින් ගොතික් භාෂාව හරහා භාවිතයට ගන්නට ඇත. Kyrios අනෙක් අතට පැමිණෙන්නේ ප්‍රෝටෝ-ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය භාෂා මූලයෙන් වන *keue එනම් "ඉදිමීම" යන්නයි.
ග්‍රීකයන් kyriakon, "ස්වාමින්ගේ" යන අරුත ඇති වචනය, ආ. 300 AD සිට ක්‍රිස්තියානි නමස්කාර නිවාසවල, විශේෂයෙන් නැඟෙනහිර ප්‍රදේශයේ භාවිතා කර ඇත, නමුත් මෙම අර්ථයම ඇති වෙනත් වචන වන ekklesia හෝ basilike වලට වඩා අඩුවෙන් පොදු විය.[3]
ඉතිහාසය
සංස්කරණයAntiquity
සංස්කරණය
The earliest archeologically identified Christian church is a house church (domus ecclesiae), the Dura-Europos church, founded between 233 and 256.===පෞරාණිකත්වය===
, 233 සහ 256 අතර ආරම්භ කරන ලද ඩුරා-යුරෝපොස් පල්ලිය ගෘහ දේවස්ථානයකි ('ඩොමස් එක්ලෙසියා'). මෙය පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මකව හඳුනාගෙන ඇති පැරණිතම ක්‍රිස්තියානි පල්ලිය කි.[4]
ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 3 වැනි සියවසේ දෙවන භාගයේදී ක්‍රිස්තියානි නමස්කාරය සඳහා ප්‍රථම අරමුණින් ගොඩනඟන ලද ශාලා (ඕලා එක්ලෙසියා) ඉදිකිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. මේවායින් බොහොමයක් ඊළඟ ශතවර්ෂයේ මුල් භාගයේදී ඩයොක්ලීටියානු පීඩාවේදී විනාශයට පත් වුවද. මහා කොන්ස්ටන්ටයින් අධිරාජ්‍යයාගේ පාලන සමයේදී ඊටත් වඩා විශාල හා වඩාත් සවිස්තරාත්මක පල්ලි පෙනෙන්නට පටන් ගත්තේය.[5]
Medieval times
සංස්කරණයFrom the 11th through the 14th centuries, a wave of cathedral-building and construction of smaller parish churches occurred across Western Europe. Besides serving as a place of worship, the cathedral or parish church was frequently employed as a general gathering-place by the communities in which they were located, hosting such events as guild meetings, banquets, mystery plays, and fairs. Church grounds and buildings were also used for the threshing and storage of grain.[6]
Romanesque architecture
සංස්කරණයBetween 1000 and 1200 the romanesque style became popular across Europe. The romanesque style is defined by large and bulky edifices that are typically made up of simple, compact, sparsely decorated geometric structures. Frequent features of the Romanesque church include circular arches, round or octagonal towers and cushion capitals on pillars. In the early romanesque era, coffering on the ceiling was fashionable, while later in the same era, groined vault gained popularity. Interiors widened and the motifs of sculptures took on more epic traits and themes.[7]
Gothic architecture
සංස්කරණය
The Gothic style emerged around 1140 in Île-de-France and subsequently spread throughout Europe. Gothic churches lost the compact qualities of the romanesque era and decorations often contained symbolic and allegorical features. The first pointed arches, rib vaults and buttresses began to appear, all possessing geometric properties that reduced the need for large, rigid walls to ensure structural stability. This also permitted the size of windows to increase, producing brighter and lighter interiors. Nave ceilings became higher and pillars and steeples grew taller. Many architects used these developments to push the limits of structural possibility, an inclination which resulted in the collapse of several towers possessing designs that had unwittingly exceeded the boundaries of soundness. In Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain, it became popular to build hall churches, a style in which every vault would be built to the same height.
Gothic cathedrals were lavishly designed, as in the romanesque era, and many share romanesque traits. However, several also exhibit unprecedented degrees of detail and complexity in decoration. The Notre-Dame de Paris and Notre-Dame de Reims in France, as well as the San Francesco d’Assisi in Palermo, and the Salisbury Cathedral and Wool Church in England and Santhome Church in Chennai, India shows the elaborate stylings characteristic of Gothic cathedrals.
Some of the most well-known gothic churches remained unfinished for centuries, after the gothic style fell out of popularity. The construction of the Cologne Cathedral, which was begun in 1248, halted in 1473, and not resumed until 1842 is one such example.[8]
Renaissance
සංස්කරණය
In the 15th and 16th century, the change in ethics and society due to the Renaissance and the Reformation also influenced the building of churches. The common style was much like the gothic style, but in a simplified way. The basilica was not the most popular type of church anymore, but instead hall churches were built. Typical features are columns and classical capitals.[9]
In Protestant churches, where the proclamation of God's Word is of special importance, the visitor's line of view is directed towards the pulpit.
Baroque architecture
සංස්කරණය
The Baroque style was first used in Italy around 1575. From there it spread to the rest of Europe and to the European colonies. During the baroque era, the building industry increased heavily. Buildings, even churches, were used as indicators for wealth, authority and influence. The use of forms known from the renaissance were extremely exaggerated. Domes and capitals were decorated with moulding and the former stucco sculptures were replaced by fresco paintings on the ceilings. For the first time, churches were seen as one connected work of art and consistent artistic concepts were developed. Instead of long buildings, more central-plan buildings were created. The sprawling decoration with floral ornamentation and mythological motives raised until about 1720 to the Rococo era.[10]
The Protestant parishes preferred lateral churches, in which all the visitors could be as close as possible to the pulpit and the altar.[තහවුරු කර නොමැත]
ගෘහනිර්මාණ ශිල්පය
සංස්කරණය
පල්ලි සඳහා පොදු ගෘහනිර්මාණ ශිල්පයක් වන්නේ කුරුසයක හැඩයයි.[11] (දිගු මධ්‍යම සෘජුකෝණාස්‍රයක්, පැති සෘජුකෝණාස්‍රයක් සහ පූජාසනය අවකාශය හෝ අභයභූමිය සඳහා ඉදිරිපස සෘජුකෝණාස්‍රයක්). මෙම පල්ලිවල බොහෝ විට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ ඩෝමයක් හෝ වෙනත් විශාල සුරක්ෂිතාගාර අවකාශයක් ඇත. පල්ලි සඳහා වන අනෙකුත් පොදු හැඩතල අතරට කවයක්, සදාකාලිකත්වය නියෝජනය කිරීම හෝ පල්ලිය ලෝකයට ආලෝකය ගෙන ඒම නියෝජනය කිරීම සඳහා අෂ්ටාෂ්‍රය හෝ සමාන තරු හැඩයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. තවත් පොදු ලක්ෂණයක් වන්නේ පල්ලියේ "බටහිර" කෙළවරේ හෝ හරස් කිරීම මත ඇති උස කුළුණකි.[තහවුරු කර නොමැත]
බොහෝ ක්‍රිස්තියානි පල්ලිවල තවත් පොදු ලක්ෂණයක් වන්නේ ඉදිරිපස පූජාසනයේ නැගෙනහිර දිශානතියයි.[12] බොහෝ විට, පූජාසනය නැඟෙනහිර දෙසට නොව හිරු නැඟෙන දිශාවට යොමු කෙරේ. මෙම සම්ප්‍රදාය 4 වන සියවසේ බයිසැන්තියම් වලින් ආරම්භ වූ අතර 8 සිට 9 වන සියවස දක්වා බටහිර රටවල ප්‍රචලිත විය. බටහිර කෙළවරේ පූජාසනය සහ නැගෙනහිරින් පිවිසුම තිබීමේ පැරණි රෝම චාරිත්‍රය සමහර විට 11 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී පවා ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් පාලනය යටතේ උතුරු යුරෝපයේ ප්‍රදේශවල පවා අනුගමනය කරන ලදී. පීටර්ෂවුසන් (කොන්ස්ටන්ස්), බැම්බර්ග් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර, ඕග්ස්බර්ග් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර. , Regensburg ආසන දෙව්මැදුර, සහ Hildesheim ආසන දෙව්මැදුර මේවාට උදාහරණ වේ.[13]
Types
සංස්කරණයBasilica
සංස්කරණයThe Latin word basilica was originally used to describe a Roman public building usually located in the forum of a Roman town.[14][15] After the Roman Empire became officially Christian, the term came by extension to refer to a large and important church that has been given special ceremonial rights by the Pope.[තහවුරු කර නොමැත] The word thus retains two senses today, one architectural and the other ecclesiastical.
Cathedral
සංස්කරණය
A cathedral is a church, usually Catholic, Anglican, Oriental Orthodox or Eastern Orthodox, housing the seat of a bishop. The word cathedral takes its name from cathedra, or Bishop's Throne (In ලතින්: ecclesia cathedralis). The term is sometimes (improperly) used to refer to any church of great size.
A church that has the function of cathedral is not necessarily a large building. It might be as small as Christ Church Cathedral in Oxford, England, Porvoo Cathedral in Porvoo, Finland, Sacred Heart Cathedral in Raleigh, United States, or Chur Cathedral in Switzerland. However, frequently, the cathedral along with some of the abbey churches, was the largest building in any region.
Pilgrimage church
සංස්කරණයA pilgrimage church is a church to which pilgrimages are regularly made, or a church along a pilgrimage route, often located at the tomb of a saints, or holding icons or relics to which miraculous properties are ascribed, the site of Marian apparitions, etc.
Conventual church
සංස්කරණය
A conventual church (or monastery church, minster, katholikon) is the main church in a Christian monastery or abbey.
Chapel
සංස්කරණයProprietary church
සංස්කරණයDuring the Middle Ages, a proprietary church was a church, abbey or cloister built on private ground by a feudal lord, over which he retained proprietary interests.
Collegiate church
සංස්කරණයA collegiate church is a church where the daily office of worship is maintained by a college of canons, which may be presided over by a dean or provost. Collegiate churches were often supported by extensive lands held by the church, or by tithe income from appropriated benefices. They commonly provide distinct spaces for congregational worship and for the choir offices of their clerical community.
Evangelical church structures
සංස්කරණයThe architecture of evangelical places of worship is mainly characterized by its sobriety.[16][17] The Latin cross is a well known Christian symbol that can usually be seen on the building of an evangelical church and that identifies the place's belonging.[18][19] Some services take place in theaters, schools or multipurpose rooms, rented for Sunday only.[20][21][22] There is usually a baptistery at the front of the church (in what is known as the chancel in historic traditions) or in a separate room for baptisms by immersion.[23][24]
Worship services take on impressive proportions in the megachurches (churches where more than 2,000 people gather every Sunday). In some of these megachurches, more than 10,000 people gather every Sunday. The term gigachurch is sometimes used.[25][26] For example, Lakewood Church (United States) or Yoido Full Gospel Church (South Korea).[27]
House church
සංස්කරණයIn some countries of the world which apply sharia or communism, government authorizations for worship are complex for Christians.[28][29][30] Because of persecution of Christians, Evangelical house churches have thus developed.[31] For example, there is the Evangelical house churches in China movement.[32] The meetings thus take place in private houses, in secret and in "illegality".[33]
Alternative buildings
සංස්කරණය
Old and disused church buildings can be seen as an interesting proposition for developers as the architecture and location often provide for attractive homes[34] or city centre entertainment venues[35] On the other hand, many newer churches have decided to host meetings in public buildings such as schools,[36] universities,[37] cinemas[38] or theatres.[39]
There is another trend to convert old buildings for worship rather than face the construction costs and planning difficulties of a new build. Unusual venues in the UK include a former tram power station,[40] a former bus garage,[41] a former cinema and bingo hall,[42] a former Territorial Army drill hall,[43] and a former synagogue.[44] HMS Tees served as a floating church for mariners at Liverpool from 1827 until she sank in 1872.[45] A windmill has also been converted into a church at Reigate Heath.
There has been an increase in partnerships between church management and private real estate companies to redevelop church properties into mixed uses. While it has garnered criticism from some, the partnership offers congregations the opportunity to increase revenue while preserving the property.[46]
මේවාද බලන්න
සංස්කරණය
මූලාශ්‍ර
සංස්කරණය- ^ Use of the term "The Manichaean Church", Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ "Church | Definition, History, & Types | Britannica".
- ^ "Church". Online Etymology Dictionary. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 8 August 2016.
- ^ Snyder, Graydon F. (2003). Ante Pacem: Archaeological Evidence of Church Life Before Constantine. Mercer University Press. p. 128.
- ^ Hartog, Paul, ed. (February 2010). The Contemporary Church and the Early Church: Case Studies in Ressourcement. Pickwick Publications. ISBN 978-1606088999. (Chapter 3)
- ^ Levy. Cathedrals and the Church. p. 12.
- ^ Toman, Rolf (2015-04-30). Romanesque: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). h.f.ullmann. ISBN 9783848008407.
- ^ Frankl, Paul; Crossley, Paul (2000). Gothic Architecture (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). Yale University Press. ISBN 0300087993.
- ^ Anderson, Christy (2013-02-28). Renaissance Architecture (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780192842275.
- ^ Merz, Jörg Martin (2008). Pietro Da Cortona and Roman Baroque Architecture (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300111231.
- ^ Petit, John Louis (1841). Remarks on Church Architecture ... (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). J. Burns.
- ^ "The Institute for Sacred Architecture | Articles | Sacred Places: The Significance of the Church Building". www.sacredarchitecture.org. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2017-08-16.
- ^ Heinrich Otte, Handbuch der kirchlichen Kunst-Archäologie des deutschen Mittelalters (Leipzig 1868), p. 12
- ^ The Oxford Dictionary of Christian Art and Architecture (2013 ISBN 978-0-19968027-6), p. 117
- ^ "The Institute for Sacred Architecture - Articles- The Eschatological Dimension of Church Architecture".
- ^ Peter W. Williams, Houses of God: Region, Religion, and Architecture in the United States, University of Illinois Press, USA, 2000, p. 125
- ^ Murray Dempster, Byron D. Klaus, Douglas Petersen, The Globalization of Pentecostalism: A Religion Made to Travel, Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2011, p. 210
- ^ Mark A. Lamport, Encyclopedia of Christianity in the Global South, Volume 2, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2018, p. 32
- ^ Anne C. Loveland, Otis B. Wheeler, From Meetinghouse to Megachurch: A Material and Cultural History, University of Missouri Press, USA, 2003, p. 149
- ^ Annabelle Caillou, Vivre grâce aux dons et au bénévolat, ledevoir.com, Canada, 10 November 2018
- ^ Helmuth Berking, Silke Steets, Jochen Schwenk, Religious Pluralism and the City: Inquiries into Postsecular Urbanism, Bloomsbury Publishing, UK, 2018, p. 78
- ^ George Thomas Kurian, Mark A. Lamport, Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States, Volume 5, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2016, p. 1359
- ^ William H. Brackney, Historical Dictionary of the Baptists, Scarecrow Press, USA, 2009, p. 61
- ^ Wade Clark Roof, Contemporary American Religion, Volume 1, Macmillan, UK, 2000, p. 49
- ^ Sam Hey, Megachurches: Origins, Ministry, and Prospects, Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2013, p. 265
- ^ Ed Stetzer, Megachurch Research - Terminology, christianitytoday.com, USA, October 9, 2008
- ^ Alicia Budich, From Megachurch to "Gigachurch", cbsnews.com, USA, April 6, 2012
- ^ Erwin Fahlbusch, Geoffrey William Bromiley, The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 4, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, USA, 2005, p. 163
- ^ Yves Mamou, Yves Mamou: «Les persécutions de chrétiens ont lieu en majorité dans des pays musulmans», lefigaro.fr, France, March 20, 2019
- ^ Wesley Rahn, In Xi we trust - Is China cracking down on Christianity?, dw.com, Germany, January 19, 2018
- ^ Allan Heaton Anderson, An Introduction to Pentecostalism: Global Charismatic Christianity, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2013, p. 104
- ^ Brian Stiller, Evangelicals Around the World: A Global Handbook for the 21st Century, Thomas Nelson, USA, 2015, p. 328
- ^ Mark A. Lamport, Encyclopedia of Christianity in the Global South, Volume 2, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2018, p. 364
- ^ Alexander, Lucy (14 December 2007). "Church conversions". The Times. London. 1 May 2009 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 30 April 2010.
- ^ Site design and technology by Lightmaker.com. "quality food and drink". Pitcher and Piano. 31 October 2011 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 18 October 2011.
- ^ "Welcome to the Family Church Christchurch Dorset". The Family Church Christchurch. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 18 October 2011.
- ^ "Welcome to The Hope Church, Manchester... A Newfrontiers Church based in Salford, Greater Manchester UK". The-hope.org.uk. 2 February 2010 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 18 October 2011.
- ^ "Jubilee Church London". jubileechurchlondon.org.
- ^ "Welcome to Hillsong Church". Hillsong Church UK. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 25 November 2016.
- ^ "CITY CHURCH NEWCASTLE & GATESHEAD – enjoying God...making friends...changing lives – Welcome". City-church.co.uk. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 18 October 2011.
- ^ "Aylsham Community Church". Aylsham Community Church. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 18 October 2011.
- ^ Hall, Reg (2004). Things are different now: A short history of Winchester Family Church. Winchester: Winchester Family Church. p. 11.
- ^ "ABOUT". www.barnabascommunitychurch.com. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 5 December 2016.
- ^ "Where We Meet". City Church Sheffield. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 5 December 2016.
- ^ "Local and General". Leeds Mercury. No. 10660. Leeds. 10 June 1872.
- ^ Friedman, Robyn A. "Churches Redeveloping Properties to Give Them New Life". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2015-10-23.
Bibliography
සංස්කරණය- Levy, Patricia (2004). Cathedrals and the Church. Medieval World. North Mankato, MN: Smart Apple Media. ISBN 1-58340-572-0.
- Krieger, Herman (1998). Churches ad hoc. PhotoZone Press. ISBN 9780966580969.
- Erlande-Brandenburg, Alain, Qu'est-ce qu'une église ?, Gallimard, Paris, 333 p., 2010.
- Gendry Mickael, L’église, un héritage de Rome, Essai sur les principes et méthodes de l’architecture chrétienne, Religions et Spiritualité, collection Beaux-Arts architecture religion, édition Harmattan 2009, 267 p.
බාහිර සබැඳි
සංස්කරණය
- New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia – Ecclesiastical Buildings
- New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia – The Church
- Prairie Churches Documentary produced by Prairie Public Television
- Iowa Places of Worship Documentary produced by Iowa Public Television
"Ecclesiastical Buildings". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
