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==අඩවියෙන් බැහැර පිටු== <!--External links-->
==තවද බලන්න== <!--See also-->
1'6' mrs.Klhl m%Odk wx.
{{wiktionary}} <!--wiktionary-->
fï hgf;aoS wms mrs.Klhl WmlrKuh fldgia ms,snoj yodruq'
{{wikiquote}} <!--wikiquote-->
1'6'1 wdodk Wmlrk ^Input devices& (-
{{Commons|පරිගණකය}} <!--Commons|Computer-->
mß.Klhlg ,ndfok o;a;" yeisrùulg ,la lsÍfuka f;dr;=re njg m;a flf¾' fï i|yd mß.Klhg o;a; wdodkh l, hq;=h' ta i|yd fhdod .kakd WmlrK wdodk tall fõ' wdodk tall i|yd
Wod (-h;=re mqjrej^Keyboard), uQislh ^Mouse), mßf,dalkh (Scanner), uhsfl%df*dakh (Microphone), fjí leurdj (Web cam) , fcdahsiaála (Joystick), g%elafnda,a (Trackball), iam¾Yl ;srh (Touchpad), m%ldY mEk (Light pen), ;Srefla; lshjkh ^Barcode Reader),
1'6'1'1 h;=re mqjrej ^Key board) :-
mß.Klhg o;a; we;=<;a lrk m%Odku WmlrKh Keyboard tlhs' fuuÕska idudkH o;a; fukau mrs.Kl jevigyka ^Computer Programe) j,g wjYH o;a; o ,nd osh yelsh' fï i|yd h;=re mqjrej ^Key board) ;=< my; ixfla; j¾. we;'
<!--Category:Computing-->
¸' wl=re (Characters) Wod (- A, B, C,..... a,b,c......
<!--Category:Classes of computers-->
¸¸' b,lalï (Digits) Wod(- 1" 2" 3'''''
¸¸¸ ixfla; (Symbols) @, #, =, >, <
[[ප්රවර්ගය:පරිගණනය]]
by; foaj,g wu;rj úfYaI h;=re j¾. lsysmhla o we;' Wod (- Enter, Backspace, Esc, Ctrl, Alt, Shift, Tab, Insert, Delete........
[[ප්රවර්ගය:පරිගණක විද්යාව]]
g%elafnda,a lSfndaâ
jh¾,ia lSfndaâ ^Wireless Keyboard&
fuu lASfndâ flan,a tlla uÕska isiagï hqksÜ tlg iïnkaO fkdlr wä 30 la muK ÿrl isg jqjo ghsma lsÍug mq¿jk' fïjd l%shd;aul jkafka wfOdarla; iïfm%aIKh hgf;ah'
On - Screen Keyboard
Mouse Clik lsÍu ;=<ska Type lsÍu i|yd mß.Kl ;srh u; .%e*sl,a bfïÊ tlla f,i ks¾udKh ù we;s h;=re mqjrej fukñka y÷kajhs' fujeks h;=re mqjrejla Windows XP fufyhqï moaO;sh yd bka bosrshg wh;a jk w;r tajdfhys fuu h;=re mqjrej uÕska Type lsÍug mq¿jk' ±kg m%Odk jYfhka Ndú;jk h;=re mqjrej QWERTY kñka ye¢kafõ' mß.Kl h;=re mqjrejl w;sf¾l h;=re .Kkdjlau iuÕ h;=re 104la we;s w;r tajd ldKav jYfhka 6lg j¾. l< yelsh'
1'6'1'2 Mouse :-
wms yodrk m%Odku fojk wodk tallh uQislhhs' th my; rEmfha mßÈ jk w;r ju (Left) yd ol=Kq (Right) fnd;a;ï (button) folls' ueÈka we;s frdaohls (wheel) tlls' fuh Pointing device tlla f,i y÷kdf.k we;' fuh u.ska
* Click * Double click * Right click * drag * Scroll hk l%shdjka l, yelsh'
Scroll lsÍu hkq msgq úYd, .Kklska hq;= ,shú,a,l (document) msgqfjka msgqjg blaukska udreùug fhdod .kakd l%shdjls'
by; wdldrhg b;d ÈhqKq ;;a;ajhg m;a ù we;s uQislh f,djg y÷kajd ÿkafka wefußldkq cd;sl wdpd¾h v.a,ia iS tka.,an¾Ü úisks'
uQislh" mß.Khlg iïnkaO lrk wdldrh wkqj l%u lsysmhla we;'
1' Serial Mouse
2' PS/2 Mouse
3' USB Mouse
4' Wireless Mouse
Mouse ys ld¾hhka yd Bg wod< ixfla; my; ±lafõ'
úúO Mouse j¾. ioyd WodyrK (-
ujqia fmdhskagrfha úúO iajrEm iy tajdfha woyia
fuu ujqih" iïu; jevigyka yeisrùug fukau wka;¾cd,h (Internet) iïnkaO ls%hdldrlï yeisrùug o m%fhdackj;ah' uQislh (Mouse) l%shd;aul lrkafka tajdg wod< flan,a isiagï hqksÜ tlg weñKSfukah' tfy;a j¾;udkfha fufia flan,aj,ska weñKSulska f;drj Ndú; l< yels uQislh (Mouse) j¾. o ksmojd we;' tajdg WodyrK f,i f,dcsfgla /yeka rys; uQislh (Logitech Wireless Mouse) fmkajd Èh yelsh' m%ldY uQislh (Optical Mouse) kï jQ f,ai¾ lsrK Ndú;fhka l%shd;aul jk kùk uQislh (Mouse) olakg ,efí' fïjdfha wNHka;rfhys idudkH mßÈ fnda,hla olakg fkd,efnk w;r f,ai¾ lsrK Ndú;fhka ,efnk ix{d u.ska Pointer tl ia:dk.; fõ'
Normal Select
Help Select
Working In Background
Busy
Precision Select
Text Select
Handwriting
Unavailable
Verticle Resize
Horizontal Resize
Diagonal Resize 1
Diagonal Resize 2
Move
Alternate Select
Link Select
1'6'1'3 g%ela fnda,a ^Trackball&
1'6'1'4 fcdhsiaála ^Joystick&
1'6'1'5 mßf,dalkh ^ Scanner & (-
lsishï fohla mß.Klhg wdodkh l< hq;= w;r tys yevh muKla fkdj ñkquo tf,iu úh hq;= kï th Scan lr Bg we;=,;a l< hq;=h' fuys § mqoa., mska;+r" i|lvmyk jeks jia;=ka" rdcH ,dxckh mdi,a yd wdh;kj, ks, ,dxPk (logo) jeks oE fï i|yd WodyrK f,i bÈßm;a l, yelsh'
hula Scan lr Save lsÍfï § tu mska;+rfha Resalution tl fyj;a j¾. wÕ,lg we;s ;s;a m%udKh ms<sn|j wms ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=h'
Ndú; lrk wdldrh wkqj mßf,dalk wdldr lsysmhls'
1' Flatbed Scanners
2' Sheet fed Scanners
3' Combo Scanners
4' Hand held Scanners
5' Drum Scanners
fuh Mouse tl fukau Pointing Device tlla fõ' Mouse ys we;s frdaoh fjkqjg fuys fnda,hla we;' th u;g we.s,a, ;nd wjYH mrsos Pointer tl .uka lr úh yelsh' fuh Mouse fukau jqjo Mouse ;rï m%isoaO ke;'
fuh u.ska mrs.Kl l%Svd lsrSu isÿ lrkq ,nhs' mrs.Klfha h;=re mqjrej (Keyboard) u.ska mrs.Kl l%Svd l,fyd;a th blaukska wn,ka jk ksid fujeks úfYaIs; WmlrKhla ksmojd we;' mrs.Kl ls%vd lsrsu ioyd úfYaIs; h;=re fï u; we;=,;ah'
Flatbed Scanners
jvd;a nyq,j Ndú;fha mj;akd Scanner j¾.h fuhhs' fuh iDcqfldaKdi%dldr me;,s yevfha jeä Wila fkdue;s fmÜáhl yevfhka hqla; fõ' fuys u;=msg mshkla we;' Bg háka we;af;a ùÿre ;yvqjls' Scan l< hq;= foh mshk yer fuu ùÿrej u; ;nd mshk jeish hq;=h' tys§ th ;eìh hq;af;a Scan l< hq;= foh mj;sk me;a; ùÿre ;yvqfõ iam¾Y jk f,ih' ;ks lvodishl i|yka fohla fyda fmd;l hï lsis msgqjla fyda Scan lsÍu fuu.ska isÿl< yelsh'
Sheetfed Scanners
fuu Scanner j¾.hg fhÈh yelafla ;ks lvodis muKs' ;ks lvodishl mj;sk hula Scan lsÍu fuu.ska isÿl< yelsh' fmd;la jeks fohla Scan ;=<g oud tys ;ks msgqjla Scan lsÍu fuu.ska isÿl< fkdyelsh' tfyhska fmdf;a msgq .,jd Scanne lsÍu fuu.ska isÿl< yelsh' fuu Scanner u.ska Scan lr .;a m%;srEmj, ;;a;ajh t;rï fyd| uÜgul fkdmj;S' fuu Scanner j¾.h j¾;udkfha t;rï ckm%sh;ajhla fkdue;'
Combo Scanners
Combo Scanners hkqfjka ye¢kafjkafka idudkHfhka Scan lsÍu" Print lsÍu" *elaia myiqlï hk fuu l%shdldrlï ;=ku ixhqla; jk fia ilia lr we;s iydhl WmlrKhls' ksIamdolhska fuh úúO fj<| kdu hgf;a wf,ú lrhs' fuu.ska z´,a-bka-jkaZ myiqlu imhd fok neúka ksfjiaj, Ndú;h i|yd fukau ld¾hd,j, Ndú;h i|yd fuu Scanner ckm%sh;ajhla ,nd ;sfí'
Handheld Scanner
Handheld Scanner u.ska Scan lr.; hq;= f,aLkh fyda PdhdrEmh u; Scanner tl /f.k hdfuka Scan lr .; yelsh' Scan lr.; yels m<,
iSudj idudkHfhka wÕ,a 4la muK fjhs' Scan lr.; hq;= f,aLkh fyda PdhdrEmh u; Scanner tl /f.k hdfï § iaÓr fõ.hlska /f.k hd hq;=h' th wmyiq ld¾hhls' ta ksid b;d Wiia ksudjlska hq;a m%;srEm fuu.ska ,nd .; fkdyelsh' fïjdfha ñ, by< uÜgul fkdmj;S' *a,eÜfnâ Scanners meñKSug fmr ckm%shj mej;sfha fuu Scanner j¾.hhs' tfy;a tu ;;a;ajh *a,eÜfnâ Scanners úiska Èkd.ekSu ksid j¾;udkfha fuu Scanner j¾.h ckm%sh fkdfõ'
Drum Scanners
b;du Wiia ;;a;ajfha Scan lghq;= i|yd fuu Scanner j¾.h Ndú; lrhs' fïjdfha ñ, .Kka b;d by< uÜgul mj;S' thska fyd| ;;a;ajfha Drum Scanner tlla remh,a ñ,shk 3la muK fõ'
1'6'1'6 OCR (Optical Character Recognition)
1'6'1'7 MICR (Magnatic Ink Character Reader)
1'6'1'8 m%ldY mEk (Light Pen)
m%ldY wKq ,laIK lshùfï hka;%h f,i fuh yÿkd .ksuq' fuysoS .uka n,m;%" nexl= fplam;a" nexl= m%ldYk" mrs.Kl rsisÜm;a" jHdmdrsl ldâm;a '''''' hkdoS ,shú,sj, mj;sk ixfla;" m%ldY wKq ,laIK yÿkd.ekSu yd ksjerosj lshjd .ekSu fuu hka;%fha ld¾hhNdrhhs'
nexl=j, Ndú; lrk fplam;a j, th ksjeros tllao hkak yÿkd .ekSug úfYaI wKq ,laIK fhdod we;' fïjd lshùu pqïNl ;Ska; wKq ,laIK yÿkd .ekSfï hka;%h u.ska lshjkq ,nhs' nexl= fËa;%fha fuh nyq,j Ndú; lrkq ,nhs'
1'6'1'9 ;Srefla; lshjkh (Barcode Reader)
1'6'1'10 fjí leurdj (Web Cam)
1'6'1'11 uhsfl%df*dakh (Microphone)
fuh Pointing Device tlls' mrs.Kl ;srh u; hï fohla w;ska ,súh hq;= kï ta ioyd fuh Wmfhda.S lr.; yelsh' l=vd cx.u ÿrl:k j, ;srfha hï hï isoaëka f;arSu ioydo fuu m%ldY mEk Woõ lr .kS'
wdh;khla NdKavj, ñ, i,l=Kq lsrSug" mdi,la isiqkaf.a meñKSu i,l=Kq lsrSug" mqia;ld,hla fmd;a ;u mdGlhkag ksl=;a lsrSug wdoS l%shdjkag ;Srfla; ilia lrhs' fuu ;Srfla; j,ska woyia lrk foa lshùu isÿ lrk WmlrKh ;Srfla; lshjkhhs' fuu ;Srfla; fmkqfuka iudk jqjo wdh;kfhka wdh;khg fjkia fõ'
mrs.Klhg wmf.a yv wdodkh l, hq;= kï ta ioyd uhsfl%df*dakh Woõ lr.; yelsh' fuh wo jk úg b;du;a oshqKq uÜgug m;a ù we;s w;r b;du;a l=vd ù we;'
ia:dk foll isák mqoa.hska wka;¾cd,h yryd iïnkaO ù woyia yqjudre lr .kafka hehs is;uq' Tjqkaf.a rEm tlsfkldg පෙනීම සිÿ jkafka ta ta mrs.Klfha we;s fjí leurdj u.sks' fuh wo jk úg jvd;a oshqKq ù b;du;a l=vd ù we;s w;r ;dlaIKfhka jeä ld¾hhla lsrSug oshqKq lr we;'
1'6'1'12 iam¾Yl ;srh (Touch Screen)
1'6'2' m%;sodk tall (Output Devices)
mrs.Kluh ld¾hhl m%;sodkhla hkq isÿ lrk ,o ld¾hfha m%;sM,hhs' th ilia l, ,shú,a,l Print Out tlla" ke;skï ieliQ o;a;" mä jd¾;djla" wdh;khl ì,la" jd¾;djla''' jeks ´kEu fohla úh yelsh' fuu m%;sodk ,nd .ekSug uQ,sl jYfhka my; WmlrK wjia:d y;r Ndú; lruq'
1'6'2'1 mrs.Kl ;srh [Moniter]
1'6'2'2 uqøK hka;%h
1'6'2'3 iamSlrh
1'6'2'4 COM [Computer Output of Microfilm]
1'6'2'1 Monitor/ Visual Display Unit/ Screen
wms mrs.Kl ;srh u.ska m%;sodk ,nd .ksuq' fuh ;djld,sl m%;sodk tallhls' fuu mrs.Kl ;sr Bg fhdos f.k we;s ;dlaIKh wkqj m%Odk wdldr 3ls'
1. C.R.T Monitor [Cathod Ray Tube]
2. L.C.D Monitor [Liquid Cristal Display]
3. L.E.D Monitor [Lighting Emited Diaode]
1' C.R.T Monitor [Cathod Ray Tube]
iam¾Yl ;sr cx.u ÿrl:k Tn oel we;' tf,iska mj;sk mrs.Klo wo jk úg mj;S' tys h;=remqjrejla" Mouse tlla ke;' ta ish,a, u.ska lrk ish,q ld¾hhka ;srh iam¾Y lsrSfuka wmg isÿ lr.; yelsh'
2' L.C.D Monitor [Liquid Cristal Display]
3' L.E.D Monitor [Lighting Emited Diaode]
;jo mrs.Kl ;sr fhdod .kakd m%udK wkqj m%Odk m%udK lsysmhlska mj;S'
^¸& 14” ^¸¸& 15” ^¸¸¸& 17” fuysoS fuu m%udK ukskq ,nkafka uq,af,ka uq,a, we;s ÿrhs'
1'6'2'2 uqøK hka;%h (Printer)
fuu.ska ,nd .kakd m%;sodkh ia:sr tlls' thg wms oDv msgm;a (Hard Copy) hehs lshuq' mrs.Kl ;srfhaoS tys ;snQ jeros wvq mdvq ksjeros lr fndfyda úg wjika m%;sM,h fuu.ska ,nd .ksuq' fuu uqøK hka;% tajdg fhdodf.k we;s ;dlaIKh uq,a lr .ksñka my; wdldrhg m%Odk j¾. 3 lg fnod olajd we;'
1. wl=re uqøK hka;%h [Character Printer]
2. fma,s uqøK hka;%h [LinePrinter]
fuh ;rula merKs ;dlaIKh fhdod f.k we;s ;srhls' úYd, bvlv m%udKhla fujeks ;srhlg fjka l, hq;=h' 180w jeks úYd, úÿ,s Odrs;djhla fï ioyd jeh fõ' j¾;udkfha kùk ;dlaIKh iïnkaO jk ksid fuu ;sr Ndú;fhka l%ufhka bj;a fjñka mj;S'
fuu L.C.D ;srh hkq kùk ;dlaIKh fhdodf.k idod we;s ;srhls' fï ioyd 90w jeks b;d wvq úÿ,s Odrs;djla wjYH fõ' ld¾hd,hl" fujeks Monitor tlla ;eîug b;du;a wvq bv m%udKhla jeh fõ'
kùk;u ;dlaIKh fuhhs' fï ioyd wjYH lrkafka 25w jeks b;du;au wvq úÿ,s Odrs;djhla muKs' b;du;a wvq bv m%udKhl ;eìh yelsh'
3. f,ai¾ uqøK hka;%h [Page Printer/ Laser Printer]
(msgq uqøK hka;%h&
by; 1 yd 2 j¾. foflau uqøK hka;% u; uqøK ysila (Printer Head) we;' tys we;s ;=vq u.ska tu uqøK ld¾hh isÿfõ' fï ksid fuu.ska uqøK lghq;= isÿ lrk úg Yíohla ksl=;a fõ'
fujeks uqøK hka;%j, mj;sk ;Ska; f,i fhdokq ,nkafka rsnka (Ribbon) tlls'
f,ai¾ uqøK hka;%h
f,ai¾ uqøK hka;% j,g msgq uqøK hka;% hehso lshuq' fuysoS uqøK ls%hdj ioyd Laser ;dlaIKh fhdod.kakd ksid th u.ska b;du;a by, uÜgfï print out ,efí' uqøK ls%hdj isÿ lrk úg Yíohla fkdkef.a' fuys ;Ska; f,i fhdokq ,nkafka fgdak¾ (Toner) tlls'
j¾;udkfha fhdod.kakd Digital Photocopy hka;%" f,ai¾ uqøK hka;% f,iska Ndú; l, yelsh'
1'6'2'3 iamSlrh (Speaker)
wl=re uqøK hka;%h
fma,s uqøK hka;%h
wmg m%;sM,h f,i fonila" .S;hla fyda fjk;a Yíohla ,nd .; hq;= kï ta ioyd wms fuu iamSlrh Woõ lr .ksuq' fuysoS Yíoh jeä wdldr j,ska ,nd .ekSu n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjk ksid l=vd fjdÜ .Kkl l=vd iamSlrhla fyda folla fï ioyd fhdod .ksuq' fïjd isiagï tallhg Sound Port tl yryd iïnkaO lruq'
1'6'2'4 COM (Computer Output on Microfilm)
1'6'3' uOHu ieliqï tallh (Central Processing Unit)
1'6'3'1 yeoskaùu
mrs.Klhl WmlrKuh fldgia ie,l+ úg wdodk tall yd m%;sodk tall yereKq úg mj;sk >k fmÜáhl yeve;s fldgi isiagï tallh (System Unit) fõ' fï ;=, Hard Disk, Disk Drives, Power Supply Unit, battery, (CPU) [Central Processimg Unit] uOHu ieliqï tallh" RAM Card, ……wdoS WmlrK iuQyhlska iukaú;h' fuu ish,qu tall tl f,iska jeo.;a jk w;r m%Odk;u tallh uOHu ieliqï tallhs'
uOHu md,k tallh [Central Processing Unit] :-
fuh mrs.Klfha m%Odk ieliqï tallhhs' ta ;=, my; fldgia y;r uQ,sl jYfhka mj;S' tkï
1. frcsiag¾ u;lh [Register Memory]
2. lEIa u;lh [Cache Memory]
3. .Ks;uh isoaê yd ;¾ldKql+, isoaê fufyhjk tallh
[A.L.U – Arithmatic & Logical Unit]
4. md,k tallh [Control Memory]
wod, m%;sM,h wmg mrs.Kl ;srh u; ,eî th ia:sr msgm;la f,i ,nd.; hq;= kï fujeks Microfilm msgm;la ,nd .ksuq' fuysoS fujeks msgm;a ,nd .kafka ffjoH úoHd;aul mrSËK j,oS Ñ;%mg o, fiahdmg ksmoùfïoS" úfYaI PdhdrEm lrKfhaoS fukau is;shï ks¾udKh lsrSï j,oSo Ndú; flf¾'
1'6'3'2 .Ks;uh isoaê yd ;¾ldKql+, isoaê fufyhjk tallh[Arithmatic & Logical Unit]:-
mrs.Klh u.ska .Ks;uh isoaê fufyhjkq ,nhs' ;jo tajdg ms,s;=reo ,nd fok w;r ;¾ldKql+,j isoaêj, i;H wi;H;djho ,nd foa' fuu lreKq fufyhjkafka fuu A.L.U tallh u.sks'
.Ks;uh isoaê ioyd Wod(- ;¾ldKql+,j isoaê ioyd Wod(-
5 + 5 = -5 > 0 -
-5 – 10 = 0 > - 10 -
-5 * (-10) = - 10 > -5 –
25/5 = Marks > 85-
fuu isoaê mrs.Kl jevigyka ks¾udKh lsrSfï oS wmg nyq,j fhfoa' ta ish,a, fufyhjkafka fuu A.L.U tallh u.sks'
1'6'3'3 md,k tallh (Control Unit):-
mrs.Kluh l%shdjloS ish,qu l%shdjka md,kh lrkafka fuu tallh u.sks' fuysoS wdodk lsrSïj, md,kh" m%;sodk ,nd.ekSï yd iïnkaO md,k l%shdjka" wdphkh ^.nvd lsrSu& l, hq;= kï ta yd iïnkaO md,k l%shdjka yd m%Yak j,g ms,s;=re ieliSu ioyd jk md,k ls%hdjka hk fï ish,q md,k l%shdjka fuu tallh u.ska fufyhjkq ,nhs'
1'6'3'4 frcsiag¾ u;lh (Register Memory) :-
fuh CPU ;=, mj;sk u;lhhs'
fuh K.b. j,ska uksk ;rfï l=vd u;l tallhls'
u;l m%udKhg idfmalaIj f.úh hq;= ñ, m%udKh wêlh'
fï ;=, u;l m%Odkh wvq ksid b;du;a blauKska lshúh yelsh' tkï o;a; lshùug .kakd ld,h wvq jk w;r jeä fõ.hlska o;a; lshjkq ,nhs'
1'6'3'5 lEIa u;lh (Cache Memory) :-
fuh mrs.Klh ;=, we;s RAM wdldrfha ;djld,sl u;l tallhls' mrs.Klhla yryd Internet o we;=¿j jev lrk úg wod, Files, RAM u;lhg iïnkaO ù th msrS hhs' tysoS RAM u;l Odrs;djh wvqkï mrs.Klfha fõ.h wvq ù l%shdldrS;ajhg ndOd meñfKa' fuu ;;ajh u. yer RAMys wvqj iïmQ¾K lsrSug kùk mrs.Klj, w¿f;ka yÿkajd oS we;s u;l wdldrh [Cache Memory] lEIa u;lh fõ' fuh idudkHfhka 64M.b, 128Mb, 256Mb, 512Mb muK jk w;r w¿;au wdldr kï 1 Gb muKo fõ'
1'6'4' u;lh (Memory)
ñksid i;=j u;lhla we;' tf,iska mrs.Klh i;=jo u;lhla we;' fuu u;lh m%udKd;aulj uekSug yels jqjo ñkdidf.a u;lh m%udKd;aulj ueksh fkdyelsh' ñksiqka i;= u;lhkao wdldr lsysmhlskaa mj;sk nj wms oksuq' tf,iska mrs.Klfha u;lho wdldr lsysmhla mj;S' óg fmr idlÉPd l, frcsiag¾ u;lh yd lEIa u;lh tjeks wdldr folls' óg wu;rj ;j;a u;l wdldr folls' tkï
1. m%Odk u;lh (Main Memory)
2. wdphk u;lh (Storage Memory)
1'6'4'1' m%Odk u;lh (-
mrs.Klh ;=, l%shd;aul jk m%Odk u;lh fuhhs' fuys l%shdldrS;ajh mokï lr .ksñka fuh m%Odk fldgia folls' tkï
(a) iiïndù m%fõY u;lh (Random Access Memory)
(b) lshùug muKla yels ia:sr u;lh (Read Only Memory)
^a& iiïndù m%fõY u;lh (RAM)
fuh mrs.Klfha ;djld,sl u;l tallhhs' lsishï mrs.Klhl mj;skafka wvq RAM Odrs;djhla kï tu mrs.Klh" fiñka jev lrk hka;%hls (Slow Computer). mrs.Klh ls%hd lrk úg thg wod, ish,qu mrs.Kl jevigyka fuu RAM u;lhg meñK ls%hdldrS ;;ajhg m;afõ' fï ksid mrs.Klh yryd ls%hdjka lsysmhla isÿ lr .kakd úg jeä RAM u;l Odrs;djhla ;sîu w;HdjYH fõ' fï ioyd j¾;udkfha 256Mb, 512Mb, 1Gb, 2Gb, 4Gb, 8Gb jeks m%udKj, u;l Odrs;djhka Ndú; flf¾' fuu RAM Odrs;djh m%udKj;a fkdjk úg ta ioyd Ndú; lsrSug Cache u;lh Ndú; flf¾'
^b& lshùug muKla yels ia:sr u;lh (ROM)
mrs.Klh ;=, we;s ia:sr u;lh fuhhs' fï ;=, we;s u;lh u.ska mrs.Klh l%shdldrS WmlrKhla njg m;a lrk úg ish,qu mrSlaId lsrSï isÿ lrkq ,nhs' fï ioyd ROM ;=, my; uQ,sl wx. ;=k we;=,;ah'
1. BIOS [Basic Input Output System]
2. CMOS [Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor]
3. POST [Power On Self Test]
1. BIOS [Basic Input Output System] :-
mrs.Klh ls%hd;aul lrk úg thg iïnkaO wdodk tall yd m%;sodk tall ksis mrsos l%shdldrSj mj;skafkao hkak mrSlaId lrkafka fuu tallh u.sks' hï úgl wdodk tall j, hï wvqmdvqjla jQ úg Bg wod, mKsjqv ,nd fokafkao fuu tall u.sks' m%;sodk tall Install lsrSu jeks l%shdjka j,oS iïnkaO jkafkao fuu tallhhs'
2. CMOS [Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor]:-
mrs.Klh l%shdldrS WmlrKhla njg m;a lrk úg moaO;s oskh (System Date) moaO;s fõ,dj (System Time) yd moaO;s ud¾.hka (System Path) b;du;a jeo.;a fõ' fïjdfha ksjeros nj mrSlaId lsrSu" fjkialï l, hq;= kï tajdg myiqlï ,nd oSu yd tajdfha iïnkaëlrKh isÿ lrkq ,nkafka fuu CMOS tallh u.sks'
fjk;a rgl idok mrs.Klhla wm rfÜ Ndú; lsrSu wdrïN lrk úg System Date yd System Time fjkia l, hq;=h' tu fjkia lsrSïo iïnkaO lrkq ,nkafka fuu tallh u.sks'
3. POST [Power On Self Test]:-
mrs.Klh l%shd;aul lr jev lrk úg by; tall j,ska mrSlaId l, fohg wu;rj mrSlaId l, hq;= ;j;a wx. mj;S' tysoS Hard Disk, Disk Drives, power Supply Unit, RAM Card,….hk tall tfia mrSlaId lr .; hq;=h' fuysoS fuu POST tallh u.ska Current Pulse tlla hjd tu tall ksjerosj jev lrk uÜgfï ;sfío hkak yÿkd .kq ,nhs'
by; ish,q mrSlaId lsrSï j,ska miqj tajd ish,a, h:d ;;ajfhka mj;S kï mrs.Klh jev lrk wjia:djg (Start Mode) ilia fõ'
1'6'4'2' wdphk u;l tall (Storage Memory Unit)
mrs.Klh ;=, wms jev lrkafka RAM hk ;djld,sl u;lh yd iïnkaO fjñks' fï ksid wms isÿ lrk ld¾hhka miqj ,nd .; hq;= kï tajd ndysr ia:dkhl .nvd lr ;eìh hq;=h' fï ioyd Ndú; lrk ndysr u;l tall rdYshls' tajd w;r
Magnatic Tape
Magnatic Disk
Zip Disk
Compact Disk / VCD
DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)
Blue Ray Disk
Pen Drives (USB Drives)
External Hard Disk
Hard Disk m%Odk fõ' fuu tall ms,snoj wms fjk fjku Ndú; lrk wdldrh yd u;l Odrs;djkag wod,j lreKq oek isáh hq;=h'
1. Magnatic Tape :-
fuh w;S;fhau Ndú; l, .nvd lrk tallhls' fï ;=, b;d l=vd bv m%udKhla ;sîu yd o;a; lshùu wmyiq neúka Ndú;fhka wo jk úg bj;aj f.dia we;' fï ;=, we;s o;a; lshjkq ,nkafka uq, isg w.g wkqms,sfj,ska fõ' fuu l%ufhka o;a;hla lshjd .ekSu b;du;a wmyiq neúka fuh Ndú;fhka bj;aj f.dia we;'
2. Magnatic Disk
pqïNl øjhla wdf,am lr we;s ;eáhla fuf,i yeoskafõ' fuys u;l Odrs;djh 1'44 Mb jeks b;du;a l=vd w.hls' fïjd w;S;fha Ndú;fha mej;s w;r wo jk úg Ndú;fhka bj;aj f.dia we;'
3. Zip Disk
fuho Magnatic wdldrfhka jk w;r 100Mb jeks u;l Odrs;djhlska meñKs ksid flá ld,hla Ndú;fha mej;=ks' kuq;a wo jk úg Ndú; fkdfõ'
4. Compact Disk [CD fyda VCD]
Optical f,i m%:ufhka yÿkajd ÿkafka fuhhs' fï ksid fï ;=, 720 Mb jeks ;rula jeä u;l Odrs;djhla mj;S' fuh ;dlaIKsl jYfhka pqïNl jYfhka ;sî m%ldY (Optical) ;;ajfhka oshqKq lrk ,os' fuh tla jrla muKla ,súh yels yd kej; kej; ,súh yels (Rewriterble) f,iska wdldr folls'
5. DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)
fuu wdldrh m%ldY (Optical) ;dlaIKh hgf;au ;j ÿrg;a oshqKq lrk ,o WmlrKhls' 4.7Gb jeks úYd, u;l Odrs;djhla ;sîu yd kej; kej;;a ,súh yels ùu jdisodhl ;;aj fõ' kuq;a CD lshjk WmlrK j,ska fuu DVD lshùug fyda ,sùug fkdyels ùu wjdisodhl fõ'
6. Blue Ray Disk
fuu wdldrh m%ldY (Optical) ;;ajfhka ksmojk ,o kùk;u CD wdldrhls' fuys tla mil muKla o;a; ,sùuo" fomiu o;a; ,sùuo l, yelsh' fuysoS tla mil muKla kï 25Gb o fomiu kï 50Gb jk fia b;d by, u;l Odrs;djhla fuhg we;' fïjd lshùug fjku Disk Drive tlla ;sìh hq;= ùu wjdisodhlh'
7. Pen Drives [USB Drives]
fuh yevfhka rjqï yevhla fkd.kakd b;du;a l=vd yqrenqyqá WmlrKhls' fuh mrs.Klhg U.S.B Port tl yryd iïnkaO lrk neúka fuh U.S.B Drive f,iskao yÿkajuq' fuh 2Gb, 4Gb, 8Gb, 16Gb…jeks m%udKj,ska mj;S' fuu Pen Drives Ndú;h b;du;a myiq ksid fïjd jvd;a m%p,s;h'
8. Hard Disk or External Hard Disk
mrs.Klhg ia:sr f,i iúlr we;s fuh Hard Disk fõ' fï ;=, 100 Gb, 320Gb, 500Gb, 1Tb, 2Tb u;l Odrs;djhka we;' ish,qu files ta ;=, .nvd lr we;' fuu Hard Disk j¾;udkfhaoS External f,io Ndú;fha mj;S' fï ;rfïu u;l Odrs;djhka we;s w;r ;ek ;ek f.k hd yels ùu mj;sk úfYaI;ajhhs'
1'6'4'4' u;lh uksk tall
ñksiqka i;= u;lh m%udKd;aulj ueksh fkdyelsh' kuq;a mß.Kl yd iïnkaO jk u;lhka m%udKd;aulj ueksh yelsh' tfia mß.Kl yd iïnkaO u;l m%udKd;aulj uekSug kï ta i|yd tallhla wjYH fõ'
tu tallh f,i fhdod.kafka tla wl=rla ^One character& i|yd .kakd bv m%udKh l byte f,i y÷kajd ÿka tallhhs' thg wod< my; tall wjia:d w;r iïnkaO;d ±k isáh hq;=h'
8 bit = 1 byte
4 bit = 1 nibble
1 charactor = 1 byte
1024 byte = 1 Kb (killo byte)
1024 K.b. = 1 M.b. (Maga byte)
1024 Mb. = 1 Gb (Giga byte)
1024 G.b. = 1 T.b. (Tera byte)
1024 T.b. = 1 P.b. (Peta byte)
my; u;l m%udK fok ,o tallfha isg wid we;s tallhg yrjkak'
m%Yak (- ^¸& 2'1 Mb " K.b j,g ^¸¸& 2 Gb " Mb j,g
^¸¸¸& 2078 byte" Mb j,g ^¸¹& 2'5 Tb " Mb j,g
^¹& 2'75 Mb" byte j,g ^¹¸& 2'75 Gb " byte j,g
1'6'4'3 Memory Hierarchy ^u;l OQrdj,sh&
by; wdldrhg idlÉPd l, u;l tall" tajdfha ñ," u;l Odß;dj ^hï WmlrKhla ;=, we;s Wmßu u;l m%udKh" Odß;djh fõ'& fyda tajd ;=< we;s f;dr;=re lshjk fõ.hka hk lreKq uq,a lr .ksñka wkqms<sfj,la bÈßm;a lr we;' tu u;l wkqms<sfj, wms my; wdldrhg bÈßm;a lrk w;r th u;l OQrdj,sh (Memory Hierarchy) f,iska kï lruq'
u;l o;a; ñ, Odß;dj lshjk fõ.h
fuu igyk u;l OQrdj,sh jk w;r tys my, isg by<g hk úg tajdfha ñ,.Kka by< hhs'
;jo tu OQrdj,sfha l%ufhka by,g hk úg u;l Odß;djh l%ufhka wvqfõ' fuys Register Memory, Kb j,ska uksk ;rfï u;l tallhls' Cache Memary hkq Mb j,ska uksk ;rfï u;l tallhls' RAM j,g wo Gb tallh Ndú; lrhs' Storage Memory T.b. j,ska uksk ;rfï u;l tallhls'
tu olajd we;s OQrdj,sfha l%ufhka my, isg by,g hk úg u;l Odß;djh l%ufhka wvqjk ksid tajd lshùug .;jk ld,h l%ufhka wvqfõ' tkï jvd jeä fõ.fhka o;a; lshjkq ,nhs'
1'6'4'3 o;A; yd f;dr;=re lshjk wdldr
mß.Klhla wdOdrfhka wmg mj;sk o;a;" f;dr;=re njg m;a lr.; yelsh' miqj fuu f;dr;=re kej; ,nd .; hq;= kï tajd iaÓr ia:dkj, .nvd lr ;eìh hq;=h' tfia .nvd lrk WmlrK m%Odk jYfhka Tape yd Disk jYfhka m%Odk fldgia folls' tajd ;=, we;s f;dr;=re lshjk wdldrh wkqj m%Odk fldgia folls'
Storage Memory
(RAM &ROM)
Main Memory
Cache
Memory
Kb
Mb
Gb
Tb
Register Memory
u;l Odß;dj wvqfõ
o;a; lshjk fõ.h jeäh
.;jk ld,h wvqh
ñ,.Kka by< hhs
5MS
100ns
10 ns
5 ns
1'6'4'3'1 wkqms,sfj,ska''''
1'6'4'3'2 tljru''''
1'6'4'3'1 wkqms,sfj,ska o;a; lshùu (- (Sequentional Data Access)
Tape hkq tl u;u t;S mj;sk WmlrKhls' fï ksid fï u; Save lr we;s f;dr;=re lshúh yelafla uq,isg wkqms<sfj,ska w. olajd fyda wm fidhk f;dr;=r olajdh' fuu f;dr;=re lshjk wdldrh wkql%ñl o;a; lshùu ^Sequentional Data Access& f,iska kï lr we;' fuu o;a; lshjk wdldrh id¾:l tlla fkdfõ' fuys§ f;dard.;a o;a;hla fyda f;dr;=rla tljru lshúh fkdyel' fuu lreK fya;=fjka wo jk úg iudcfhka Tape Ndú;h bj;a ù f.dia we;'
1'6'4'3'2 tljru o;a; lshùu (Direct Data Access)
Disk hkq ;eá wdldrhls' fï u; .nvd lr we;s f;dr;=rla lshùfï § th tljru lshúh yelsh' tu l%uh Direct Access fyda Random Access hk kï j,ska y÷kajuq' fuu l%uh u.ska tljru f;dard.;a f;dr;=rla b;du;a fõ.fhka lshúh yelsh' fï ksid fuu l%uh jvd;a m%p,s;h' tu l%uh yd neÿkq CD, VCD, DVD, Blue Ray Disk wd§ ish,a, o wo jk úg úYd, f,i m%p,s;h' óg wu;rj Flash drive, Hard disk jeks WmlrKj, f;dr;=reo fuu l%uh wdldrhgu tljru lshúh yelsh'
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