බ්රාහ්මීය අක්ෂර පවුල
බ්රාහ්මීය අක්ෂර මාලා යනුවෙන් හඳුන්වන්නේ අබුගිඩා ලේඛන ක්රම කුටුම්භයකි. මේවා ඉන්දියානු උපමහාද්වීපය, අග්නිදිග ආසියාව සහ සිද්ධං අක්ෂර ස්වරූපයෙන් ජපානය ඇතුළු නැගෙනහිර ආසියාව යන ප්රදේශවල භාවිතා වේ. පුරාතන ඉන්දියාවේ බ්රාහ්මී හෝඩියෙන් සම්භවය වූ මෙම අක්ෂර මාලාවන් දකුණු, නැගෙනහිර සහ අග්නිදිග ආසියාවේ විවිධ භාෂා පවුල් තුළ භාවිතා වේ: ඉන්දු-ආර්ය, ද්රවිඩ, ටිබෙට්-බුරුම, මොංගෝලික, ඕස්ට්රෝආසියාතික, ඕස්ට්රෝනීසියානු සහ තායි භාෂා පවුල් තුළ මෙම අක්ෂර භාවිතා වේ.
History
සංස්කරණයBrahmic scripts descended from the Brahmi script. Brahmi is clearly attested from the 3rd century BC during the reign of Ashoka, who used the script for imperial edicts, but there are some claims of earlier epigraphy found on pottery in South India and Sri Lanka. The most reliable of these were short Brahmi inscriptions dated to the 4th century BC and published by Coningham et al. (1996).[2] Northern Brahmi gave rise to the Gupta script during the Gupta period, which in turn diversified into a number of cursives during the medieval period. Notable examples of such medieval scripts, developed by the 7th or 8th century, include Nagari, Siddham and Sharada.
The Siddhaṃ script was especially important in Buddhism, as many sutras were written in it. The art of Siddham calligraphy survives today in Japan. The syllabic nature and dictionary order of the modern kana system of Japanese writing is believed to be descended from the Indic scripts, most likely through the spread of Buddhism.[3]
Southern Brahmi evolved into the Old Kannada, Pallava and Vatteluttu scripts, which in turn diversified into other scripts of South India and Southeast Asia.
The present Telugu script is derived from the Kannada-Telugu script, also known as "Old Kannada script", owing to its similarity to the same.[4]
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A fragment of Ashoka's 6th pillar edict, in Brahmi, the ancestor of all Brahmic scripts
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Spread of Brahmic family of scripts from India
Characteristics
සංස්කරණයSome characteristics, which are present in most but not all the scripts, are:
- Each consonant has an inherent vowel which is usually a short 'a' (in Bengali, Assamese and Odia, the phonetic is 'ɔ' due to sound shifts). Other vowels are written by adding to the character. A mark, known in Sanskrit as a virama/halant, can be used to indicate the absence of an inherent vowel.
- Each vowel has two forms, an independent form when not attached to a consonant, and a dependent form, when attached to a consonant. Depending on the script, the dependent forms can be either placed to the left of, to the right of, above, below, or on both the left and the right sides of the base consonant.
- Consonants (up to 4 in Devanagari) can be combined in ligatures. Special marks are added to denote the combination of 'r' with another consonant.
- Nasalization and aspiration of a consonant's dependent vowel is also noted by separate signs.
- The alphabetical order is: vowels, velar consonants, palatal consonants, retroflex consonants, dental consonants, bilabial consonants, approximants, sibilants, and other consonants. Each consonant grouping had four stops (with all four possible values of voicing and aspiration), and a nasal consonant.
සංසන්දනය
සංස්කරණයපහත සැසඳුම් වගුවෙහි දැක්වෙන්නේ ප්රධාන භාරතීය අක්ෂර මාලාවන් කිහිපයක් වන අතර, එකම බ්රාහ්මී අක්ෂර සමූහයකින් ඒවා සම්භවය වී ඇති බව පෙන්වීමට මෙමඟින් උත්සහ දරා ඇත. මේ අනුව:
- The charts are not comprehensive. Glyphs may be unrepresented if they don't derive from any Brahmi character, but are later inventions.
- සෑම පේළියකම වූ අක්ෂරවල උච්චාරණයන් සමාන නොවිය හැක. උච්චාරණය සහිත පේළිය pronunciations of glyphs in the same column may not be identical. The pronunciation row is only representative; the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) pronunciation is given for Sanskrit where possible, or another language if necessary.
The transliteration is indicated in ISO 15919.
ව්යඤ්ජන
සංස්කරණය- Notes
- ^ This list (tries to) includes characters of same origins, not same sounds. In Bengali র is pronounced as rô but it is originally va which is still used for wa sound in Mithilakshar and modern Assamese ৱ (wabbô) was derived from middle Assamese র (wô). Compare with জ (ja) য (ya) and য় (ẏ) which are pronounced as jô, jô and yô in Bengali and zô, zô and yô in Assamese respectively. য is related to Devanagari य (ya) and it is still pronounced as "ya" in Mithilakshar. Since their sounds shifted, the dots were added to keep the original sounds.
- ^ includes supplementary consonants not in contemporary use
- ^ inherent vowel is ā
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Modified forms of these letters are used for, but are not restricted to, Sanskrit and Pali in the Thai script.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Letters used in Old Javanese. They are now obsolete, but are used for honorifics in contemporary Javanese.
ස්වර
සංස්කරණයමෙහි ස්වර වම්පස පේළියෙහි එහි ස්වාධීන ස්වරූපයෙන් ද, දකුණු පසින් ඒවායෙහි පිල්ලම් ස්වරූපයෙන් ක් ව්යඤ්ජනාක්ෂරය සමග සම්බන්ධ කොට ද දක්වා ඇත. A glyph for ka is an independent consonant letter itself without any vowel sign, where the vowel a is inherent.
ISO | a | ā | ê | ô | i | ī | u | ū | e | ē | ai | o | ō | au | r̥ | r̥̄ [a] | l̥ [a] | l̥̄ [a] | ṁ | ḥ | |||||||||||||||||||||
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a | ka | ā | kā | ê | kê | ô | kô | i | ki | ī | kī | u | ku | ū | kū | e | ke | ē | kē | ai | kai | o | ko | ō | kō | au | kau | r̥ | kr̥ | r̥̄ | kr̥̄ | l̥ | kl̥ | l̥̄ | kl̥̄ | ṁ | kṁ | ḥ | kḥ | k | |
ඇසෑමි | অ | ক | আ | কা | অ্যা | ক্যা | ই | কি | ঈ | কী | উ | কু | ঊ | কূ | এ | কে | ঐ | কৈ | অৗ | কৗ | ও | কো | ঔ | কৌ | ঋ | কৃ | ৠ | কৄ | ঌ | কৢ | ৡ | কৣ | অং | কং | অঃ | কঃ | ক্,ক্ | ||||
බෙංගාලි | অ | ক | আ | কা | অ্যা | ক্যা | ই | কি | ঈ | কী | উ | কু | ঊ | কূ | এ | কে | ঐ | কৈ | অ | ক | ও | কো | ঔ | কৌ | ঋ | কৃ | ৠ | কৄ | ঌ | কৢ | ৡ | কৣ | অং | কং | অঃ | কঃ | ক্,ক্ | ||||
දේවනාගරී | अ | क | आ | का | ॲ | कॅ | ऑ | कॉ | इ | कि | ई | की | उ | कु | ऊ | कू | ऎ | कॆ | ए | के | ऐ | कै | ऒ | कॊ | ओ | को | औ | कौ | ऋ | कृ | ॠ | कॄ | ऌ | कॢ | ॡ | कॣ | अं | कं | अः | कः | क्,क् |
ගුජරාටි | અ | ક | આ | કા | ઇ | કિ | ઈ | કી | ઉ | કુ | ઊ | કૂ | એ | કે | ઐ | કૈ | ઓ | કો | ઔ | કૌ | ઋ | કૃ | ૠ | કૄ | ઌ | કૢ | ૡ | કૣ | અં | કં | અઃ | કઃ | ક્,ક્ | ||||||||
ඔරියා | ଅ | କ | ଆ | କା | ଇ | କି | ଈ | କୀ | ଉ | କୁ | ଊ | କୂ | ଏ | କେ | ଐ | କୈ | ଓ | କୋ | ଔ | କୌ | ଋ | କୃ | ୠ | କୄ | ଌ | କୢ | ୡ | କୣ | ଂ | କଂ | ଃ | କଃ | କ୍ | ||||||||
ගුර්මුඛී | ਅ | ਕ | ਆ | ਕਾ | ਇ | ਕਿ | ਈ | ਕੀ | ਉ | ਕੁ | ਊ | ਕੂ | ਏ | ਕੇ | ਐ | ਕੈ | ਓ | ਕੋ | ਔ | ਕੌ | ਅਂ | ਕਂ | ਅਃ | ਕਃ | ਕ੍ | ||||||||||||||||
Meitei Mayek[b] | ꯑ | ꯀ | ꯑꯥ | ꯀꯥ | ꯏ | ꯀꯤ | ꯑꫫ | ꯀꫫ | ꯎ | ꯀꯨ | ꯑꫬ | ꯀꫬ | ꯑꯦ | ꯀꯦ | ꯑꯩ | ꯀꯩ | ꯑꯣ | ꯀꯣ | ꯑꯧ | ꯀꯧ | ꯑꯪ | ꯀꯪ | ꯑꫵ | ꯀꫵ | ꯛ | ||||||||||||||||
ටිබෙට් | ཨ | ཀ | ཨཱ | ཀཱ | ཨི | ཀི | ཨཱི | ཀཱི | ཨུ | ཀུ | ཨཱུ | ཀཱུ | ཨེ | ཀེ | ཨཻ | ཀཻ | ཨོ | ཀོ | ཨཽ | ཀཽ | རྀ | ཀྲྀ | རཱྀ | ཀཷ | ལྀ | ཀླྀ | ལཱྀ | ཀླཱྀ | ཨཾ | ཀཾ | ཨཿ | ཀཿ | ཀ྄ | ||||||||
ලෙප්චා | ᰣ | ᰀ | ᰣᰦ | ᰀᰦ | ᰣᰧ | ᰀᰧ | ᰣᰧᰶ | ᰀᰧᰶ | ᰣᰪ | ᰀᰪ | ᰣᰫ | ᰀᰫ | ᰣᰬ | ᰀᰬ | ᰣᰨ | ᰀᰨ | ᰣᰩ | ᰀᰩ | ᰣᰴ | ᰀᰴ | |||||||||||||||||||||
ලිම්බු | ᤀ | ᤁ | ᤀᤠ | ᤁᤠ | ᤀᤡ | ᤁᤡ | ᤀᤡ᤺ | ᤁᤡ᤺ | ᤀᤢ | ᤁᤢ | ᤀ᤺ᤢ | ᤁ᤺ᤢ | ᤀᤧ | ᤁᤧ | ᤀᤣ | ᤁᤣ | ᤀᤤ | ᤁᤤ | ᤀᤨ | ᤁᤨ | ᤀᤥ | ᤁᤥ | ᤀᤦ | ᤁᤦ | ᤀᤲ | ᤁᤲ | ᤁ᤻ | ||||||||||||||
තීර්හුත | 𑒁 | 𑒏 | 𑒂 | 𑒏𑒰 | 𑒃 | 𑒏𑒱 | 𑒄 | 𑒏𑒲 | 𑒅 | 𑒏𑒳 | 𑒆 | 𑒏𑒴 | 𑒏𑒺 | 𑒋 | 𑒏𑒹 | 𑒌 | 𑒏𑒻 | 𑒏𑒽 | 𑒍 | 𑒏𑒼 | 𑒎 | 𑒏𑒾 | 𑒇 | 𑒏𑒵 | 𑒈 | 𑒏𑒶 | 𑒉 | 𑒏𑒷 | 𑒊 | 𑒏𑒸 | 𑒁𑓀 | 𑒏𑓀 | 𑒁𑓁 | 𑒏𑓁 | 𑒏𑓂 | ||||||
කේථී | 𑂃 | 𑂍 | 𑂄 | 𑂍𑂰 | 𑂅 | 𑂍𑂱 | 𑂆 | 𑂍𑂲 | 𑂇 | 𑂍𑂳 | 𑂈 | 𑂍𑂴 | 𑂉 | 𑂍𑂵 | 𑂊 | 𑂍𑂶 | 𑂋 | 𑂍𑂷 | 𑂌 | 𑂍𑂸 | 𑂃𑂁 | 𑂍𑂁 | 𑂃𑂂 | 𑂍𑂂 | 𑂍𑂹 | ||||||||||||||||
Sylheti Nagari | සැකිල්ල:Script/Syloti | සැකිල්ල:Script/Syloti | සැකිල්ල:Script/Syloti | සැකිල්ල:Script/Syloti | සැකිල්ල:Script/Syloti | සැකිල්ල:Script/Syloti | සැකිල්ල:Script/Syloti | සැකිල්ල:Script/Syloti | සැකිල්ල:Script/Syloti | සැකිල්ල:Script/Syloti | සැකිල්ල:Script/Syloti | සැකිල්ල:Script/Syloti | සැකිල්ල:Script/Syloti | සැකිල්ල:Script/Syloti | සැකිල්ල:Script/Syloti | සැකිල්ල:Script/Syloti | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
බ්රාහ්මී | 𑀅 | 𑀓 | 𑀆 | 𑀓𑀸 | 𑀇 | 𑀓𑀺 | 𑀈 | 𑀓𑀻 | 𑀉 | 𑀓𑀼 | 𑀊 | 𑀓𑀽 | 𑀏 | 𑀓𑁂 | 𑀐 | 𑀓𑁃 | 𑀑 | 𑀓𑁄 | 𑀒 | 𑀓𑁅 | 𑀋 | 𑀓𑀾 | 𑀌 | 𑀓𑀿 | 𑀍 | 𑀓𑁀 | 𑀎 | 𑀓𑁁 | 𑀅𑀂 | 𑀓𑀂 | 𑀅𑀃 | 𑀓𑀃 | 𑀓𑁆 | ||||||||
තෙලිඟු | అ | క | ఆ | కా | ఇ | కి | ఈ | కీ | ఉ | కు | ఊ | కూ | ఎ | కె | ఏ | కే | ఐ | కై | ఒ | కొ | ఓ | కో | ఔ | కౌ | ఋ | కృ | ౠ | కౄ | ఌ | కౢ | ౡ | కౣ | అం | కం | అః | కః | క్ | ||||
කන්නඩ | ಅ | ಕ | ಆ | ಕಾ | ಇ | ಕಿ | ಈ | ಕೀ | ಉ | ಕು | ಊ | ಕೂ | ಎ | ಕೆ | ಏ | ಕೇ | ಐ | ಕೈ | ಒ | ಕೊ | ಓ | ಕೋ | ಔ | ಕೌ | ಋ | ಕೃ | ೠ | ಕೄ | ಌ | ಕೢ | ೡ | ಕೣ | అం | ಕಂ | అః | ಕಃ | ಕ್ | ||||
සිංහල | අ | ක | ආ | කා | ඇ | කැ | ඈ | කෑ | ඉ | කි | ඊ | කී | උ | කු | ඌ | කූ | එ | කෙ | ඒ | කේ | ඓ | කෛ | ඔ | කො | ඕ | කෝ | ඖ | කෞ | සෘ | කෘ | සෲ | කෲ | ඏ | කෟ | ඐ | කෳ | අං | කං | අඃ | කඃ | ක් |
මලයාලම් | അ | ക | ആ | കാ | ഇ | കി | ഈ | കീ | ഉ | കു | ഊ | കൂ | എ | കെ | ഏ | കേ | ഐ | കൈ | ഒ | കൊ | ഓ | കോ | ഔ | കൗ | ഋ | കൃ | ൠ | കൄ | ഌ | കൢ | ൡ | കൣ | അം | കം | അഃ | കഃ | ക്,ക് | ||||
දෙමළ | அ | க | ஆ | கா | இ | கி | ஈ | கீ | உ | கு | ஊ | கூ | எ | கெ | ஏ | கே | ஐ | கை | ஒ | கொ | ஓ | கோ | ஔ | கௌ | அஂ | கஂ | அஃ | கஃ | க் | ||||||||||||
චක්මා | 𑄃𑄧 | 𑄇𑄧 | 𑄃 | 𑄇 | 𑄃𑄬𑄬 | 𑄇𑄬𑄬 | 𑄃𑅅 | 𑄇𑅅 | 𑄄, 𑄃𑄨 | 𑄇𑄨 | 𑄃𑄩 | 𑄇𑄩 | 𑄅, 𑄃𑄪 | 𑄇𑄪 | 𑄃𑄫 | 𑄇𑄫 | 𑄆, 𑄃𑄬 | 𑄇𑄬 | 𑄃𑄰 | 𑄇𑄰 | 𑄃𑄮 | 𑄇𑄮 | 𑄃𑄯 | 𑄇𑄯 | 𑄃𑄧𑄁 | 𑄇𑄧𑄁 | 𑄃𑄧𑄂 | 𑄇𑄧𑄂 | 𑄇𑄴 | ||||||||||||
බුරුම | အ | က | အာ | ကာ | အယ် | ကယ် | အွ | ကွ | ဣ | ကိ | ဤ | ကီ | ဥ | ကု | ဦ | ကူ | ဧ | ကေ | အေး | ကေး | အိုင် | ကိုင် | ဩ | ကော | ဪ | ကော် | ၒ | ကၖ | ၓ | ကၗ | ၔ | ကၘ | ၕ | ကၙ | အံ | ကံ | အး | ကး | က် | ||
ඛමේර්[c] | អ | ក | អា | កា | ឥ | កិ | ឦ | កី | ឧ | កុ | ឩ | កូ | ឯ | កេ | ឰ | កៃ | ឱ | កោ | ឳ | កៅ | ឫ | ក្ឫ | ឬ | ក្ឬ | ឭ | ក្ឭ | ឮ | ក្ឮ | អំ | កំ | អះ | កះ | ក៑ | ||||||||
තායි[d] | อ (อะ) | ก (กะ) | อา | กา | แอ | แก | (ออ) | (กอ) | อิ | กิ | อี | กี | อุ | กุ | อู | กู | (เอะ) | (เกะ) | เอ | เก | ไอ | ไก | (โอะ) | (โกะ) | โ | โก | เอา | เกา | ฤ | กฺฤ | ฤๅ | กฺฤๅ | ฦ | กฺฦ | ฦๅ | กฺฦๅ | อํ | กํ | อะ (อะฮฺ) | กะ (กะฮฺ) | กฺ (ก/ก์) |
ලාඕ[d] | ກະ,ກັ | ກາ | ກິ | ກີ | ກຸ | ກູ | ເກ | ໄກ/ໃກ | ໂກ | ເກົາ/ກາວ | ອํ | ກํ | ອະ | ກະ | ກ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
චම් | ꨀ | ꨆ | ꨀꨩ | ꨆꨩ | ꨁ | ꨆꨪ | ꨁꨩ | ꨆꨫ | ꨂ | ꨆꨭ | ꨂꨩ | ꨆꨭꨩ | ꨃ | ꨆꨯꨮ | ꨄ | ꨆꨰ | ꨅ | ꨆꨯ | ꨀꨯꨱ | ꨆꨯꨱ | ꨣꨮ | ꨆꨴꨮ | ꨣꨮꨩ | ꨆꨴꨮꨩ | ꨤꨮ | ꨆꨵꨮ | ꨤꨮꨩ | ꨆꨵꨮꨩ | ꨀꩌ | ꨆꩌ | ꨀꩍ | ꨆꩍ | ꩀ | ||||||||
බාලි | ᬅ | ᬓ | ᬆ | ᬓᬵ | ᬇ | ᬓᬶ | ᬈ | ᬓᬷ | ᬉ | ᬓᬸ | ᬊ | ᬓᬹ | ᬏ | ᬓᬾ | ᬐ | ᬓᬿ | ᬑ | ᬓᭀ | ᬒ | ᬓᭁ | ᬋ | ᬓᬺ | ᬌ | ᬓᬻ | ᬍ | ᬓᬼ | ᬎ | ᬓᬽ | ᬅᬂ | ᬓᬂ | ᬅᬄ | ᬓᬄ | ᬓ᭄ | ||||||||
ජාවා | ꦄ | ꦏ | ꦄꦴ | ꦏꦴ | ꦆ | ꦏꦶ | ꦇ | ꦏꦷ | ꦈ | ꦏꦸ | ꦈꦴ | ꦏꦹ | ꦌ | ꦏꦺ | ꦍ | ꦏꦻ | ꦎ | ꦏꦺꦴ | ꦎꦴ | ꦏꦻꦴ | ꦉ | ꦏꦽ | ꦉꦴ | ꦏꦽꦴ | ꦊ | ꦏ꧀ꦭꦼ | ꦋ | ꦏ꧀ꦭꦼꦴ | ꦄꦁ | ꦏꦁ | ꦄꦃ | ꦏꦃ | ꦏ꧀ | ||||||||
සුන්ඩා | ᮃ | ᮊ | ᮆ | ᮊᮦ | ᮉ | ᮊᮩ | ᮄ | ᮊᮤ | ᮅ | ᮊᮥ | ᮈ | ᮊᮦ | ᮇ | ᮊᮧ | ᮻ | ᮊ᮪ᮻ | ᮼ | ᮊ᮪ᮼ | ᮃᮀ | ᮊᮀ | ᮃᮂ | ᮊᮂ | ᮊ᮪ | ||||||||||||||||||
Lontara | සැකිල්ල:Script/Lontara | සැකිල්ල:Script/Lontara | සැකිල්ල:Script/Lontara | සැකිල්ල:Script/Lontara | සැකිල්ල:Script/Lontara | සැකිල්ල:Script/Lontara | සැකිල්ල:Script/Lontara | සැකිල්ල:Script/Lontara | සැකිල්ල:Script/Lontara | සැකිල්ල:Script/Lontara | සැකිල්ල:Script/Lontara | සැකිල්ල:Script/Lontara | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rejang | ꥆ | ꤰ | ꥆꥎ | ꤰꥎ | ꥆꥍ | ꤰꥍ | ꥆꥇ | ꤰꥇ | ꥆꥈ | ꤰꥈ | ꥆꥉ | ꤰꥉ | ꥆꥊ | ꤰꥊ | ꥆꥋ | ꤰꥋ | ꥆꥌ | ꤰꥌ | ꥆꥏ | ꤰꥏ | ꥆꥒ | ꤰꥒ | ꤰ꥓ | ||||||||||||||||||
Batak (Toba) | සැකිල්ල:Script/Batak | සැකිල්ල:Script/Batak | සැකිල්ල:Script/Batak | සැකිල්ල:Script/Batak | සැකිල්ල:Script/Batak | සැකිල්ල:Script/Batak | සැකිල්ල:Script/Batak | සැකිල්ල:Script/Batak | සැකිල්ල:Script/Batak | සැකිල්ල:Script/Batak | සැකිල්ල:Script/Batak | සැකිල්ල:Script/Batak | සැකිල්ල:Script/Batak | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Baybayin | ᜀ | ᜃ | ᜁ | ᜃᜒ | ᜂ | ᜃᜓ | ᜁ | ᜃᜒ | ᜂ | ᜃᜓ | ᜃ᜔ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Buhid | ᝀ | ᝃ | ᝁ | ᝃᝒ | ᝂ | ᝃᝓ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hanunuo | ᜠ | ᜣ | ᜡ | ᜣᜲ | ᜢ | ᜣᜳ | ᜣ᜴ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tagbanwa | ᝠ | ᝣ | ᝡ | ᝣᝲ | ᝢ | ᝣᝳ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ISO | a | ka | ā | kā | ê | kê | ô | kô | i | ki | ī | kī | u | ku | ū | kū | e | ke | ē | kē | ai | kai | o | ko | ō | kō | au | kau | r̥ | kr̥ | r̥̄ | kr̥̄ | l̥ | kl̥ | l̥̄ | kl̥̄ | ṁ | kṁ | ḥ | kḥ | k |
a | ā | ê | ô | i | ī | u | ū | e | ē | ai | o | ō | au | r̥ | r̥̄ | l̥ | l̥̄ | ṁ | ḥ |
- සටහන්
- ^ a b c r̥̄, l̥, l̥̄ සහ ඇතැම් අක්ෂර අභාවයට ගොස් ඇති අතර, එසේ නොමැති නම් ඒවා භාවිතා වන්නේ ඉතා කලතුරකිනි.
- ^ includes supplementary vowels not in contemporary use
- ^ When used to write their own languages, Khmer can have either an a or an o as the inherent vowel, following the rules of its orthography.
- ^ a b Thai and Lao scripts do not have independent vowel forms, for syllables starting with a vowel sound, a "zero" consonant, อ and ອ, respectively, to represent the glottal stop /ʔ/.
සංඛ්යා
සංස්කරණයහින්දු-අරාබි | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
බ්රාහ්මී සංඛ්යා | 𑁒 | 𑁓 | 𑁔 | 𑁕 | 𑁖 | 𑁗 | 𑁘 | 𑁙 | 𑁚 | |
Brahmi digits | 𑁦 | 𑁧 | 𑁨 | 𑁩 | 𑁪 | 𑁫 | 𑁬 | 𑁭 | 𑁮 | 𑁯 |
ඇසෑමි | ০ | ১ | ২ | ৩ | ৪ | ৫ | ৬ | ৭ | ৮ | ৯ |
බෙංගාලි | ০ | ১ | ২ | ৩ | ৪ | ৫ | ৬ | ৭ | ৮ | ৯ |
Tirhuta | 𑓐 | 𑓑 | 𑓒 | 𑓓 | 𑓔 | 𑓕 | 𑓖 | 𑓗 | 𑓘 | 𑓙 |
ඔරියා | ୦ | ୧ | ୨ | ୩ | ୪ | ୫ | ୬ | ୭ | ୮ | ୯ |
දේවනාගරී | ० | १ | २ | ३ | ४ | ५ | ६ | ७ | ८ | ९ |
ගුජරාටි | ૦ | ૧ | ૨ | ૩ | ૪ | ૫ | ૬ | ૭ | ૮ | ૯ |
ගුර්මුඛී | ੦ | ੧ | ੨ | ੩ | ੪ | ੫ | ੬ | ੭ | ੮ | ੯ |
Meitei (Manipuri) | ꯰ | ꯱ | ꯲ | ꯳ | ꯴ | ꯵ | ꯶ | ꯷ | ꯸ | ꯹ |
ටිබෙට් | ༠ | ༡ | ༢ | ༣ | ༤ | ༥ | ༦ | ༧ | ༨ | ༩ |
මොංගෝලියානු[a] | ᠐ | ᠑ | ᠒ | ᠓ | ᠔ | ᠕ | ᠖ | ᠗ | ᠘ | ᠙ |
ලෙප්චා | ᱀ | ᱁ | ᱂ | ᱃ | ᱄ | ᱅ | ᱆ | ᱇ | ᱈ | ᱉ |
ලිම්බු | ᥆ | ᥇ | ᥈ | ᥉ | ᥊ | ᥋ | ᥌ | ᥍ | ᥎ | ᥏ |
සිංහල ලිත් ඉලක්කම් | ෦ | ෧ | ෨ | ෩ | ෪ | ෫ | ෬ | ෭ | ෮ | ෯ |
Sinhala archaic numbers | 𑇡 | 𑇢 | 𑇣 | 𑇤 | 𑇥 | 𑇦 | 𑇧 | 𑇨 | 𑇩 | |
තෙලිඟු | ౦ | ౧ | ౨ | ౩ | ౪ | ౫ | ౬ | ౭ | ౮ | ౯ |
Kannada | ೦ | ೧ | ೨ | ೩ | ೪ | ೫ | ೬ | ೭ | ೮ | ೯ |
Malayalam | ൦ | ൧ | ൨ | ൩ | ൪ | ൫ | ൬ | ൭ | ൮ | ൯ |
Tamil | ೦ | ௧ | ௨ | ௩ | ௪ | ௫ | ௬ | ௭ | ௮ | ௯ |
Saurashtra | ꣐ | ꣑ | ꣒ | ꣓ | ꣔ | ꣕ | ꣖ | ꣗ | ꣘ | ꣙ |
Ahom | 𑜰 | 𑜱 | 𑜲 | 𑜳 | 𑜴 | 𑜵 | 𑜶 | 𑜷 | 𑜸 | 𑜹 |
Chakma | 𑄶 | 𑄷 | 𑄸 | 𑄹 | 𑄺 | 𑄻 | 𑄼 | 𑄽 | 𑄾 | 𑄿 |
Burmese | ၀ | ၁ | ၂ | ၃ | ၄ | ၅ | ၆ | ၇ | ၈ | ၉ |
Shan | ႐ | ႑ | ႒ | ႓ | ႔ | ႕ | ႖ | ႗ | ႘ | ႙ |
Khmer | ០ | ១ | ២ | ៣ | ៤ | ៥ | ៦ | ៧ | ៨ | ៩ |
Thai | ๐ | ๑ | ๒ | ๓ | ๔ | ๕ | ๖ | ๗ | ๘ | ๙ |
Lao | ໐ | ໑ | ໒ | ໓ | ໔ | ໕ | ໖ | ໗ | ໘ | ໙ |
Cham | ꩐ | ꩑ | ꩒ | ꩓ | ꩔ | ꩕ | ꩖ | ꩗ | ꩘ | ꩙ |
Tai Tham[b] | ᪐ | ᪑ | ᪒ | ᪓ | ᪔ | ᪕ | ᪖ | ᪗ | ᪘ | ᪙ |
Tai Tham (Hora)[c] | ᪀ | ᪁ | ᪂ | ᪃ | ᪄ | ᪅ | ᪆ | ᪇ | ᪈ | ᪉ |
New Tai Lue | ᧐ | ᧑ | ᧒ | ᧓ | ᧔ | ᧕ | ᧖ | ᧗ | ᧘ | ᧙ |
Balinese | ᭐ | ᭑ | ᭒ | ᭓ | ᭔ | ᭕ | ᭖ | ᭗ | ᭘ | ᭙ |
Javanese | ꧐ | ꧑ | ꧒ | ꧓ | ꧔ | ꧕ | ꧖ | ꧗ | ꧘ | ꧙ |
Sundanese | ᮰ | ᮱ | ᮲ | ᮳ | ᮴ | ᮵ | ᮶ | ᮷ | ᮸ | ᮹ |
Hindu-Arabic | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
- Notes
බ්රාහ්මීය අක්ෂර මාලා ලැයිස්තුව
සංස්කරණයඓතිහාසික
සංස්කරණයමුල්කාලීන බ්රාහ්මීය අක්ෂර මාලා IAST අශෝක ගිර්නාර් චන්ද්රගුප්ත
-ගුප්තගුජරාටය අලහබාද් නර්බදා කිස්ත්නා a ā i ī u ū ṛ e ai o au k kh g gh ṅ c ch j jh ñ ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ t th d dh n p ph b bh m y r l v ś ṣ s h
ක්රි.පූ. 3වන සියවස පමණ හමුවන ආදිතම අභිලේඛන අනුව, බ්රාහ්මී අක්ෂර මාලාවෙහි ප්රාදේශීය වෙනස්කම් පැවති බැව් පෙනේ. ක්රි.ව. 5වන සියවස පමණ වන විට්, බ්රාහ්මී අක්ෂර මාලාව තවදුරටත් වෙනස්කම්වලට භාජනය වී මධ්යකාලීන යුගය වන විට නව අක්ෂර මාලාවන් රැසක් බවට විකසනය විය. අතීත අක්ෂර මාලාවන් ප්රධාන වශයෙන්ම උත්තර සහ දක්ෂිණ බ්රාහ්මී අක්ෂර මාලාවන් ලෙස බෙදා දැක්වේ. උත්තර කාණ්ඩයේ ගුප්ත අක්ෂර මාලාව බෙහෙවින් බලපැවැත්වුණු අතර, දක්ෂිණ සමූහයෙහි භාවිතා වූ වට්ටේලුට්ටු සහ පැරණි-කන්නඩ/පල්ලව අක්ෂර බුද්ධාගමේ ව්යාප්තියත් සමඟින් අග්නිදිග ආසියාව කරා ද ව්යාප්ත විය.
උත්තර බ්රාහ්මීය
සංස්කරණය- ගුප්ත, 4වන සියවස
- Kalinga
- Tocharian (Slanting Brahmi)
දක්ෂිණ බ්රාහ්මීය
සංස්කරණය- දෙමළ-බ්රාහ්මී, ක්රි.පූ. 2වන සියවස
- සිංහල
- Bhattiprolu
යුනිකෝඩ්
සංස්කරණයයුනිකෝඩ් ප්රභේද 13.0 අනුව, පහත බ්රාහ්මී අක්ෂර මාලා කේතනය කොට ඇත:
අක්ෂර මාලාව | ව්යුත්පන්න වූ මුල් අක්ෂර මාලාව | ව්යුත්පන්න වූ කාලසීමාව | භාවිත සටහන් | ISO 15924 | යුනිකේත පරාසය(න්) | නියැදිය |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ahom | බුරුම[5] | 13වන සියවස | නෂ්ට වූ Ahom language | Ahom | U+11700–U+1173F | සැකිල්ල:Script/Ahom |
බාලි | කවි | 11වන සියවස | බාලි භාෂාව | Bali | U+1B00–U+1B7F | ᬅᬓ᭄ᬲᬭᬩᬮᬶ |
Batak | Pallava | 14th century | Batak languages | Batk | U+1BC0–U+1BFF | සැකිල්ල:Script/Batak |
Baybayin | Kawi | 14th century | Tagalog, other Philippine languages | Tglg | U+1700–U+171F | සැකිල්ල:Script/Baybayin |
Bengali-Assamese | Siddhaṃ | 11th century | Assamese language (Assamese script variant), Bengali language (Bengali script variant), Bishnupriya Manipuri, Maithili, Angika | Beng | U+0980–U+09FF |
|
Bhaiksuki | Gupta | 11th century | Was used around the turn of the first millennium for writing Sanskrit | Bhks | U+11C00–U+11C6F | |
Buhid | Kawi | 14th century | Buhid language | Buhd | U+1740–U+175F | සැකිල්ල:Script/Buhid |
Burmese | Pyu | 11th century | Burmese language, numerous modifications for other languages including Chakma, Eastern and Western Pwo Karen, Geba Karen, Kayah, Mon, Rumai Palaung, S’gaw Karen, Shan | Mymr | U+1000–U+109F, U+A9E0–U+A9FF, U+AA60–U+AA7F | සැකිල්ල:Script/Myanmar |
Chakma | Burmese | 8th century | Chakma language | Cakm | U+11100–U+1114F | 𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦 |
Cham | Pallava | 8th century | Cham language | Cham | U+AA00–U+AA5F | සැකිල්ල:Script/Cham |
Devanagari | Nagari | 13th century | Numerous Indo-Aryan languages, including Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi, Nepali, Bhili, Konkani, Bhojpuri, Nepal Bhasa and sometimes Sindhi and Kashmiri. Formerly used to write Gujarati. Sometimes used to write or transliterate Sherpa | Deva | U+0900–U+097F, U+A8E0–U+A8FF | देवनागरी |
Dhives Akuru | Grantha | Was used to write the Maldivian language up until the 20th century.[6] | Diak | U+11900–U+1195F | 𑤞𑥂𑤧𑤭𑥂 | |
Dogra | Takri | Was used to write Dogri. Dogra script is closely related to Takri.[7] | Dogr | U+11800–U+1184F | 𑠖𑠵𑠌𑠤𑠬 | |
Grantha | Pallava | 6th century | Restricted use in traditional Vedic schools to write Sanskrit. Was widely used by Tamil speakers for Sanskrit and the classical language Manipravalam. | Gran | U+11300–U+1137F | |
Gujarati | නාගරී | 17th century | Gujarati language, Kutchi language | Gujr | U+0A80–U+0AFF | ગુજરાતી લિપિ |
Gunjala Gondi | 16th century | Used for writing the Adilabad dialect of the Gondi language.[8] | Gong | U+11D60–U+11DAF | ||
Gurmukhi | Sharada | 16th century | Punjabi language | Guru | U+0A00–U+0A7F | ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ |
Hanunó'o | Kawi | 14th century | Hanuno'o language | Hano | U+1720–U+173F | සැකිල්ල:Script/Hanunoo |
Javanese | Kawi | 16th century | Javanese language, Sundanese language, Madurese language | Java | U+A980–U+A9DF | ꦄꦏ꧀ꦱꦫꦗꦮ |
කේථී | නාගරී | 16th century | Historically used for writing legal, administrative, and private records. | Kthi | U+11080–U+110CF | 𑂍𑂶𑂟𑂲 |
කන්නඩ | Telugu-Kannada | 9th century | Kannada language, Konkani language Tulu, Badaga, Kodava, Beary others | Knda | U+0C80–U+0CFF | ಕನ್ನಡ ಅಕ್ಷರಮಾಲೆ |
Khmer | පල්ලව | 11th century | Khmer language | Khmr | U+1780–U+17FF, U+19E0–U+19FF | සැකිල්ල:Script/Khmer |
Khojki | Landa | 16th century | Some use by Ismaili communities. Was used by the Khoja community for Muslim religious literature. | Khoj | U+11200–U+1124F | |
Khudawadi | Landa | 16th century | Was used by Sindhi communities for correspondence and business records. | Sind | U+112B0–U+112FF | 𑊻𑋩𑋣𑋏𑋠𑋔𑋠𑋏𑋢 |
Lao | Khmer | 14th century | Lao language, others | Laoo | U+0E80–U+0EFF | ອັກສອນລາວ |
Lepcha | Tibetan | 8th century | Lepcha language | Lepc | U+1C00–U+1C4F | ᰛᰩᰴ |
Limbu | Lepcha | 9th century | Limbu language | Limb | U+1900–U+194F | සැකිල්ල:Script/Limbu |
Lontara | Kawi | 17th century | Buginese language, others | Bugi | U+1A00–U+1A1F | සැකිල්ල:Script/Lontara |
Mahajani | Landa | 16th century | Historically used in northern India for writing accounts and financial records. | Mahj | U+11150–U+1117F | |
Makasar | Kawi | Was used in South Sulawesi, Indonesia for writing the Makassarese language.[9] Makasar script is also known as "Old Makassarese" or "Makassarese bird script" in English-language scholarly works.[10] | Maka | U+11EE0–U+11EFF | ||
Malayalam | Grantha | 12th century | Malayalam language | Mlym | U+0D00–U+0D7F | മലയാളലിപി |
Marchen | Tibetan | 7th century | Was used in the Tibetan Bön tradition to write the extinct Zhang-Zhung language | Marc | U+11C70–U+11CBF | 𑱳𑲁𑱽𑱾𑲌𑱵𑲋𑲱𑱴𑱶𑲱𑲅𑲊𑱱 |
Meetei Mayek | Siddhaṃ | 17th century | Historically used for the Meitei language. Some modern usage. | Mtei | U+AAE0–U+AAFF, U+ABC0–U+ABFF | සැකිල්ල:Script/Meetei Mayek |
මෝඩී | දේවනාගරී | 17වන සියවස | මරාඨි භාෂාව ලිවීමට භාවිතා විය | Modi | U+11600–U+1165F | 𑘦𑘻𑘚𑘲 |
Multani | ලණ්ඩා | Was used to write the Multani language | Mult | U+11280–U+112AF | ||
නන්දිනාගරී | Nāgarī | 7th century | Historically used to write Sanskrit in southern India | Nand | U+119A0–U+119FF | |
New Tai Lue | Tai Tham | 1950s | Tai Lü language | Talu | U+1980–U+19DF | සැකිල්ල:Script/New Tai Lue |
Odia | Siddhaṃ | 13th century | Odia language | Orya | U+0B00–U+0B7F | ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅକ୍ଷର |
'Phags-Pa | Tibetan | 13th century | Historically used during the Mongol Yuan dynasty. | Phag | U+A840–U+A87F | සැකිල්ල:Phagspa |
Prachalit (Newa) | Nepal | Has been used for writing the Sanskrit, Nepali, Hindi, Bengali, and Maithili languages | Newa | U+11400–U+1147F | 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐔𑐮𑐶𑐟 | |
Rejang | Kawi | 18th century | Rejang language, mostly obsolete | Rjng | U+A930–U+A95F | සැකිල්ල:Script/Rejang |
Saurashtra | Grantha | 20th century | Saurashtra language, mostly obsolete | Saur | U+A880–U+A8DF | සැකිල්ල:Script/Saurashtra |
Sharada | Gupta | 8th century | Was used for writing Sanskrit and Kashmiri | Shrd | U+11180–U+111DF | 𑆯𑆳𑆫𑆢𑆳 |
Siddham | Gupta | 7th century | Was used for writing Sanskrit | Sidd | U+11580–U+115FF | 𑖭𑖰𑖟𑖿𑖠𑖽 |
සිංහල | බ්රාහ්මී[11] | 4th century[12] | සිංහල භාෂාව | Sinh | U+0D80–U+0DFF, U+111E0–U+111FF | ශුද්ධ සිංහල |
Sundanese | Kawi | 14th century | Sundanese language | Sund | U+1B80–U+1BBF, U+1CC0–U+1CCF | සැකිල්ල:Script/Sund |
Sylheti Nagari | Nagari | 16th century | Historically used for writing the Sylheti language | Sylo | U+A800–U+A82F | සැකිල්ල:Script/Syloti |
Tagbanwa | Kawi | 14th century | various languages of Palawan, nearly extinct | Tagb | U+1760–U+177F | සැකිල්ල:Script/Tagbanwa |
Tai Le | Mon | 13th century | Tai Nüa language | Tale | U+1950–U+197F | ᥖᥭᥰᥖᥬᥳᥑᥨᥒᥰ |
Tai Tham | Mon | 13th century | Northern Thai language, Tai Lü language, Khün language | Lana | U+1A20–U+1AAF | සැකිල්ල:Script/Tai Tham |
Tai Viet | Thai | 16th century | Tai Dam language | Tavt | U+AA80–U+AADF | සැකිල්ල:Script/Tai Viet |
Takri | Sharada | 16th century | Was used for writing Chambeali, and other languages | Takr | U+11680–U+116CF | 𑚔𑚭𑚊𑚤𑚯 |
Tamil | Pallava | 5th century CE[13] | Tamil language | Taml | U+0B80–U+0BFF, U+11FC0–U+11FFF | தமிழ் அரிச்சுவடி |
Telugu | Telugu-Kannada | 5th century | Telugu language | Telu | U+0C00–U+0C7F | తెలుగు లిపి |
Thai | Khmer | 13th century | Thai language | Thai | U+0E00–U+0E7F | อักษรไทย |
Tibetan | Gupta | 8th century | Tibetan language, Dzongkha language, Ladakhi language | Tibt | U+0F00–U+0FFF | བོད་ཡིག་ |
Tirhuta | Siddham | 13th century | Historically used for the Maithili language | Tirh | U+11480–U+114DF | සැකිල්ල:Script/Tirhuta |
See also
සංස්කරණය- Devanagari transliteration
- Bharati Braille, the unified braille assignments of Indian languages
- Indus script – the earliest writing system on the Indian subcontinent
- ISCII – the coding scheme specifically designed to represent Indic scripts
References
සංස්කරණය- ^ https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63062039
- ^ Coningham, R. A. E.; Allchin, F. R.; Batt, C. M.; Lucy, D. (April 1996). "Passage to India? Anuradhapura and the Early Use of the Brahmi Script". Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 6 (1): 73–97. doi:10.1017/S0959774300001608.
- ^ "Font: Japanese". Monotype Corporation. 2007-03-24 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්රවේශය August 14, 2017.
- ^ Adluri, Seshu Madhava Rao; Paruchuri, Sreenivas (February 1999). "Evolution of Telugu Character Graphs". Notes on Telugu Script. 23 September 2009 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්රවේශය August 14, 2017.
- ^ Terwiel; Khamdaengyodtai (2003). Shan Manuscripts,Part 1. p. 13.
- ^ Pandey, Anshuman (2018-01-23). "L2/18-016R: Proposal to encode Dives Akuru in Unicode" (PDF).
- ^ Pandey, Anshuman (2015-11-04). "L2/15-234R: Proposal to encode the Dogra script" (PDF).
- ^ "Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II" (PDF). The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0. Mountain View, CA: Unicode, Inc. June 2018. ISBN 978-1-936213-19-1.
- ^ "Chapter 17: Indonesia and Oceania" (PDF). The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0. Mountain View, CA: Unicode, Inc. June 2018. ISBN 978-1-936213-19-1.
- ^ Pandey, Anshuman (2015-11-02). "L2/15-233: Proposal to encode the Makasar script in Unicode" (PDF).
- ^ Daniels (1996), p. 379.
- ^ Diringer, David (1948). Alphabet a key to the history of mankind. p. 389.
- ^ Diringer, David (1948). Alphabet a key to the history of mankind. p. 385.
External links
සංස්කරණය- Online Tool which supports Conversion between various Brahmic Scripts
- Windows Indic Script Support
- An Introduction to Indic Scripts
- South Asian Writing Systems
- Enhanced Indic Transliterator සංරක්ෂණය කළ පිටපත 2017-04-08 at the Wayback Machine Transliterate from romanised script to Indian Languages.
- Indian Transliterator A means to transliterate from romanised to Unicode Indian scripts.
- Imperial Brahmi Font and Text-Editor සංරක්ෂණය කළ පිටපත 2009-08-26 at the Wayback Machine
- Brahmi Script
- Xlit: Tool for Transliteration between English and Indian Languages සංරක්ෂණය කළ පිටපත 2019-04-15 at the Wayback Machine
- Padma: Transformer for Indic Scripts සංරක්ෂණය කළ පිටපත 2019-10-01 at the Wayback Machine – a Firefox add-on