'''David Émile Durkheim''' (<small>French: </small><small></small><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[emil dyʁkɛm]</span> <small>or</small> <small></small><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dyʁkajm]</span>;<ref>[http://www.ina.fr/art-et-culture/litterature/video/CPF86632054/claude-levi-strauss-3eme-partie.fr.html Vidéo Ina – Claude Lévi-Strauss : 3ème partie, Archives du XXème siècle – 23/06/1974]</ref> April 15, 1858 – November 15, 1917) was a French sociologist, social psychologist and philosopher. He formally established the academic discipline and—with [[කාල් මාක්ස්|Karl Marx]] and [[මැක්ස් වෙබර්|Max Weber]]—is commonly cited as the principal architect of modern social science and father of sociology.<ref name="Calhoun2002-107">[[Émile Durkheim#CITEREFCalhoun2002|Calhoun (2002)]]<span>, </span>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6mq-H3EcUx8C&pg=PA107 p. 107]</ref><ref>Kim, Sung Ho (2007). </ref>
== Biography ==
=== Childhood and education ===
Emile Durkheim was born in Épinal in Lorraine, the son of Mélanie (Isidor) and Moïse Durkheim.<ref><cite class="citation web">[http://durkheim.uchicago.edu/Biography.html "Emile Durkheim's Life and Works (1857-1917)"].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89mile+Durkheim&rft.btitle=Emile+Durkheim%27s+Life+and+Works+%281857-1917%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdurkheim.uchicago.edu%2FBiography.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"> </span></ref><ref><cite class="citation web">[https://books.google.ca/books?id=Z61mk-BEEQ0C&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=Melanie+Isidor+Durkheim&source=bl&ots=bU98vtiLej&sig=6jlJjVgmF-UBV9oqj5U4itlIWHo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3x87VfKVGNPjsATcgoHIBA&ved=0CBMQ6AEwAA "For Durkheim"].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89mile+Durkheim&rft.btitle=For+Durkheim&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ61mk-BEEQ0C%26pg%3DPA21%26lpg%3DPA21%26dq%3DMelanie%2BIsidor%2BDurkheim%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DbU98vtiLej%26sig%3D6jlJjVgmF-UBV9oqj5U4itlIWHo%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3D3x87VfKVGNPjsATcgoHIBA%26ved%3D0CBMQ6AEwAA&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"> </span></ref> He came from a long line of devout French Jews; his father, grandfather, and great-grandfather had been rabbis.<ref name="Poggi_1">[[Émile Durkheim#CITEREFPoggi2000|Poggi (2000)]]<span>, p.</span> <span>1</span></ref> He began his education in a rabbinical school, but at an early age, he decided not to follow in his family's footsteps and switched schools.<ref name="Poggi_1">[[Émile Durkheim#CITEREFPoggi2000|Poggi (2000)]]<span>, p.</span> <span>1</span></ref><ref name="Calhoun2002-103">[[Émile Durkheim#CITEREFCalhoun2002|Calhoun (2002)]]<span>, </span>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6mq-H3EcUx8C&pg=PA103 p. 103]</ref> Durkheim led a completely secular life. Much of his work was dedicated to demonstrating that religious phenomena stemmed from social rather than divine factors. While Durkheim chose not to follow in the family tradition, he did not sever ties with his family or with the Jewish community.<ref name="Poggi_1">[[Émile Durkheim#CITEREFPoggi2000|Poggi (2000)]]<span>, p.</span> <span>1</span></ref> Many of his most prominent collaborators and students were Jewish, and some were blood relations. Marcel Mauss, a notable social anthropologist of the pre-war era, was his nephew.<ref name="Calhoun2002-107">[[Émile Durkheim#CITEREFCalhoun2002|Calhoun (2002)]]<span>, </span>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6mq-H3EcUx8C&pg=PA107 p. 107]</ref> One of his nieces was Claudette (née Raphael) Bloch, a marine biologist and mother of Maurice Bloch, who became a noted anthropologist.
