ද්වී පක්ෂ ක්‍රමය

දේශපාලන පක්ෂ ක්‍රම අතර, ද්වී පක්ෂ ක්‍රමය (ඉංග්‍රීසි: two-party system) තුළ දී, ප්‍රධාන පක්ෂ දෙකක් පවතින අතර වෙනත් පක්ෂයකට ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමට අපහසුය. එක් පක්ෂයක් දක්ෂිණාංශක වන අතර අනෙක් පක්ෂය වාමාන්ශික වේ. මෙම පක්ෂ දෙකත් සමග අනෙක් සුලු පක්ෂ එක්වේ. එක්සත් ජනපදය, ජැමේකාව වැනි රට වල ද්වීපක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් පවති.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

එක්සත් ජනපදය පවත්නාක් මෙන් සරල බහුතර ඡන්ද ක්‍රමක් සාමාන්‍යෙන් ද්වී පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයකට මග පාදයි. මෙම සම්බන්ධය මෝරිස් ඩුවර්ගර් විසින් “ ඩුවර්ගර් ගේ නිතිය ” යටතේ හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදි

ආශ්‍රිත

සටහන්

මූලාශ්‍ර

^ Neuharth, Al (22 January 2004). "Why politics is fun from catbirds' seats". USA Today. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 3 February 2023.
^ Schmidt, Steffen W.; Shelley, Mack C.; Bardes, Barbara A. (2008). "American Government and Politics Today 2008–2009". Wadsworth Publishing Company. ISBN 9780495503224. 2020-02-29 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2010-11-22.
^ Wong Chin Huat, fz.com, July 29, 2013, When winner takes all සංරක්ෂණය කළ පිටපත 2013-08-01 at the Wayback Machine, Accessed August 12, 2013, "...This "winner-takes-all" characteristic of political contestation then forces political groups to consolidate into two blocs, hence, the two-party system..."
^ Regis Publishing, The US System: Winner Takes All, ^{[භින්න වූ සබැඳිය]} Accessed August 12, 2013, "...Winner-take-all rules trigger a cycle that leads to and strengthens a system of few (two in the US) political parties..." (in Wayback Machine)
^ The Two Party System, Boundless Publishing, Two-party systems are prominent in various countries, such as the U.S., and contain both advantages and disadvantages සංරක්ෂණය කළ පිටපත 2013-10-03 at the Wayback Machine, Accessed August 12, 2013 "...There are two main reasons winner-takes-all systems lead to a two-party system...",
^ Eric Black, Minnpost, October 8, 2012, Why the same two parties dominate our two-party system සංරක්ෂණය කළ පිටපත 2020-05-02 at the Wayback Machine, Accessed August 12, 2013, "...SMDP (single-member districts, plurality) voting system. ... This forces those who might favor a minor party candidate to either vote for whichever of the two biggest parties the voter dislikes the least, or to risk the likelihood that their vote will be "wasted" or, worse, that they will end up helping the major-party candidate whom the voter dislikes the most to win. Minor parties aren't banned, but they seldom produce a plurality winner, and their lack of success often causes the minor parties to wither and die...."
^ History Learning Site, Why America is a two-party state සංරක්ෂණය කළ පිටපත 2015-06-08 at the Wayback Machine, Accessed August 12, 2013, "...The American electoral system – winner-takes-all – guarantees that any third, fourth party etc has no chance of winning...."

භාහිර සබැඳි

ද්වී පක්ෂ ක්‍රමය ගැන තවත් දේ විකිපිඩියා සහෝදර ව්‍යාපෘති හරහා සොයාගන්න
	වික්ෂනරිය වෙතින් අර්ථ දැක්වීම්
	කොමන්ස් වෙතින් ඡායාරූප හා මාධ්‍ය
	විකිකියමන් වෙතින් උපුටා දැක්වීම්

Dunleavy, Patrick, Duverger's Law is a dead parrot. Outside the USA, first-past-the-post voting has no tendency at all to produce two party politics

[1] Neuharth, Al (22 January 2004). "Why politics is fun from catbirds' seats". USA Today. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 3 February 2023.

[SchmidtTextbook-2] Schmidt, Steffen W.; Shelley, Mack C.; Bardes, Barbara A. (2008). "American Government and Politics Today 2008–2009". Wadsworth Publishing Company. ISBN 9780495503224. 2020-02-29 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2010-11-22.

[winner-takes-all-3] Wong Chin Huat, fz.com, July 29, 2013, When winner takes all සංරක්ෂණය කළ පිටපත 2013-08-01 at the Wayback Machine, Accessed August 12, 2013, "...This "winner-takes-all" characteristic of political contestation then forces political groups to consolidate into two blocs, hence, the two-party system..."

[Regis-4] Regis Publishing, The US System: Winner Takes All, ^{[භින්න වූ සබැඳිය]} Accessed August 12, 2013, "...Winner-take-all rules trigger a cycle that leads to and strengthens a system of few (two in the US) political parties..." (in Wayback Machine)

[Boundless-5] The Two Party System, Boundless Publishing, Two-party systems are prominent in various countries, such as the U.S., and contain both advantages and disadvantages සංරක්ෂණය කළ පිටපත 2013-10-03 at the Wayback Machine, Accessed August 12, 2013 "...There are two main reasons winner-takes-all systems lead to a two-party system...",

[EricBlack-6] Eric Black, Minnpost, October 8, 2012, Why the same two parties dominate our two-party system සංරක්ෂණය කළ පිටපත 2020-05-02 at the Wayback Machine, Accessed August 12, 2013, "...SMDP (single-member districts, plurality) voting system. ... This forces those who might favor a minor party candidate to either vote for whichever of the two biggest parties the voter dislikes the least, or to risk the likelihood that their vote will be "wasted" or, worse, that they will end up helping the major-party candidate whom the voter dislikes the most to win. Minor parties aren't banned, but they seldom produce a plurality winner, and their lack of success often causes the minor parties to wither and die...."

[History-7] History Learning Site, Why America is a two-party state සංරක්ෂණය කළ පිටපත 2015-06-08 at the Wayback Machine, Accessed August 12, 2013, "...The American electoral system – winner-takes-all – guarantees that any third, fourth party etc has no chance of winning...."

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