උදවු:අරාබි සඳහා IPA
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents the Modern Standard form of the Arabic language in Wikipedia articles. The charts also have Egyptian Arabic sounds, though not necessarily all other varieties of Arabic. Actual pronunciations differ, depending on the native variety of Arabic of the speaker, as Modern Standard Arabic is not anyone's native language.
See Arabic phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Arabic.
The transliteration of consonants has the standard of DIN 31635 written first.
| IPA | Letter(s) | English approximation | Trans. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | ب | bee | b | |
| d | د | deed | d | |
| dˤ | ض | dark | ḍ d | |
| dʒ~ʒ[1][2] | ج | joy / measure | ǧ j | |
| ð[3] | ذ | this | ḏ dh z | |
| ðˤ~zˤ[4] | ظ | thus / bazaar | ẓ z | |
| f | ف | fool | f | |
| ɡ[1][5] | غ | good | g (in DIN 31635 standard for only words of non-Arabic origin) | |
| h | ه | he | h | |
| ħ~ʜ[6] | ح | roughly like he | ḥ h | |
| j | ي | yes | y | |
| k | ﻙ | skin | k | |
| l~ɫ[7] | ل | leaf / bell | l | |
| m | م | man | m | |
| n | ن | no | n | |
| θ[3] | ﺙ | thing | ṯ th s | |
| q[8] | ق | scar | q k | |
| r~ɾˤ[9][10] | ر | roughly like rule | r | |
| s | س | see | s | |
| sˤ | ص | massage | ṣ s | |
| ʃ | ش | she | š sh ch | |
| t | ت | stick | t | |
| tˤ | ط | star | ṭ t | |
| w | و | we | w | |
| x~χ[11] | خ | loch (Scottish English) | ḫ kh ḵ | |
| ɣ~ʁ[11] | غ | French R | ġ gh ḡ | |
| z | ز | zoo | z | |
| ʕ~ʢ[6] | ع | (No equivalent) | ʿ ʻ ‘ ` ' | |
| ʔ | ء أ آ إ ئ ؤ | uh-(ʔ)oh | ʾ ʼ ’ ' | |
| Marginal consonants | ||||
| IPA | Letter(s) | English Examples | Trans. | |
| p | پ | spin | p | |
| tʃ[2] | تش چ[2] | church | č tš tsh tch ch | |
| v | ڤ | vine | v | |
| Historical pronunciation | ||||
| IPA | Letter | English approximation | Trans. | |
| ɕ | ش | roughly like she | š | |
| ɬˠ~ɮˤ | ض | (No equivalent) | ḍ | |
| IPA | Letter(s) | English approximation | Trans. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| narrow | broad[12] | |||
| a~æ~ɐ~ɛ[13] | a | bat / bet / cut | a ah è e | |
| ɑ[14] | part | a ah | ||
| e~ɪ[15] | i | set / sit | e é / i | |
| i[15] | see | i | ||
| o~ʊ[16] | u | port / put | o / u ou | |
| u[16] | boot | u ou | ||
| aː~æː~ɛː[13] | aː | ا ى[17] | jazz / says | ā a è e |
| ɑː[14] | ا ى[17] | part | ā a | |
| eː[18] | ي ـيه | air | ē ei ai ēh eh eih aih é | |
| iː | iː | ي ى[17] | see | ī i ee |
| oː[18] | و | port | ō o | |
| uː | uː | و | boot | ū u ou oo |
| IPA | Meaning | Example | Trans. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ˈ | stress mark | عربية [ʕɑrɑˈbɪjjɐ] | ʿarabiyyah | |
| ː | vowel length | عاش [ʕæːʃ] | ʿāš | |
Notes
සංස්කරණය- ^ a b That phoneme is represented by the Arabic letter ǧīm (ج) and has many standard pronunciations: [ɡ] in Egypt and some regions in Yemen and Oman, as well as, in Morocco and Algeria in some words, especially colloquially; [ʒ] in most of the Levant and most other places across North Africa; [d͡ʒ] in most of the Arabian Peninsula, north Algeria and restricted areas of the Levant. In the Arabian Peninsula it is sometimes softened to [ʒ]. Some regions in Sudan and Yemen have a [ɡʲ] or [ɟ].
- ^ a b c In case of loanwords: /[[|d͡ʒ]]/ or /[[|ʒ]]/ are realized as [ʒ] in Egypt and can be transcribed by چ which is used to transcribe /[[|ɡ]]/ in Israel. In case of transcribing Iraqi and gulf Arabic, چ represents: /[[|t͡ʃ]]/. چ as used for /[[|t͡ʃ]]/ is rare and mostly used only in Iraq (and less likely for other Gulf Arabics), but usually تش is used instead. Elsewhere it is usually realized as [t]+[ʃ] and a buffer vowel might be inserted in between, before or after the consonants. It might be approximated to [ʃ].
- ^ a b In Egypt, Sudan and Levant, /θ, ð/ are always approximated to [s, z] in loanwords in their regional dialects.
- ^ Ẓāʾ (ظ) represents [zˤ~z], in Egypt, Levant and Sudan, for both of regional dialects and Modern Standard Arabic.
- ^ [ɡ] can also be used in loanwords. If not غ, other letters may represent the phoneme, such as: ج, ك, ق, گ, or ڨ (in Morocco only).
- ^ a b In Iraq and Persian Gulf pronunciation, it is epiglottal.
- ^ In Modern Standard Arabic, [ɫ] is only found in Allah, but it's found in other dialects normally. Most speakers of other regions lack the sound even when pronouncing Modern Standard Arabic.
- ^ In many geographic regions, regional dialects substitute /[[|q]]/ with [ʔ], [ɡ] or [ɢ], with some exceptions.
- ^ In the northern most of Egypt and in Lebanon, /r/ is in free variation between [ɾ] and [r].
- ^ The emphatic /rˤ/ exists in North Africa.
- ^ a b In some geographic regions, it is uvular.
- ^ Broad transcription only corresponds to Modern Standard Arabic.
- ^ a b The front vowel /a/ corresponds to: [æ] in Egypt and central Arabia, also an allophonic pronunciation in Iraq and Persian Gulf; [a] in Levant; [ɛ] in northwest Africa in stressed syllables in dialects which have stress while in these dialects, the unstressed form is [æ]. In west Arabia, it's mainly [a] with an allophone [æ], if there are no emphatic consonants or emphatic consonant clusters, before /n, l/ and after /j, ɡ/. [ɐ] is another allophone of unstressed /a/ in Iraq and Persian Gulf.
- ^ a b The phonemes /a, aː/ are retracted to [ɑ] and [ɑː], respectively, around the emphatic consonants, /tˤ, dˤ, sˤ, ðˤ/, also sometimes /r/. Some standards also include /ʁ, χ/. [ɑ] is the main stressed open vowel in Iraq and Persian Gulf pronunciation.
- ^ a b [e]~[ɪ] is an allophone of short /i/ in some pronunciations. Although in proper pronunciation of loanwords of non-Arabic origin, it can be [i].
- ^ a b [o]~[ʊ] is an allophone of short /u/ in some pronunciations. Although in proper pronunciation of loanwords of non-Arabic origin, it can be [u].
- ^ a b c Mainly in Egypt and Sudan, the final form is always ى, both in handwriting and in print, representing both final-/iː/ and final-/aː/.
- ^ a b Modern Standard Arabic diphthongs /aj, aw/ are especially monophthongized to [eː, oː] in names of Arabic origin. In Lebanese Arabic, medial /aː/ sometimes has [eː] as an allophone.