"අධික අවුරුද්ද" හි සංශෝධන අතර වෙනස්කම්

'''අධික අවුරුද්ද''' යනු year containing one or more extra days (or, in the case of [[lunisolar calendar]]s, an extra month) in order to keep the [[calendar year]] synchronised with the [[astronomical year|astronomical]] or [[seasonal year]]. For example, in the [[Gregorian calendar]], February in a leap year has 29 days instead of the usual 28 so the year lasts 366 days instead of the usual 365. Because seasons and astronomical events do not repeat in a [[whole number]] of days, a calendar that had the same number of days in each year would, over time, drift with respect to the event it was supposed to track. By occasionally inserting (or ''[[intercalation|intercalating]]'') an additional day or month into the year, the drift can be corrected. A year that is ''not'' a leap year is called a ''[[common year]]''.

 

[[ග්‍රෙගරි දින දසුන]], the current standard calendar in most of the world, most years whose division by 4 equals an [[integer]] are leap years. In each leap year, the month of February has 29 days instead of 28. Adding an extra day to the calendar every four years compensates for the fact that a period of 365 days is shorter than a [[solar year]] by almost 6 hours.

 

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{{main|February 29}}

February 29 is a date that usually occurs every four years, and is called leap day. This day is added to the calendar in leap years as a corrective measure, because the earth does not orbit around the sun in precisely 365 days.

Until 1970, the [[Roman Catholic Church]] always celebrated the feast of [[Saint Matthias]] on a. d. VI Kal. Mar., so if the days were numbered from the beginning of the month, it was named February 24 in common years, but the presence of the bissextum in a bissextile year immediately before a. d. VI Kal. Mar. shifted the latter day to February 25 in leap years, with the [[Vigil]] of St. Matthias shifting from February 23 to the leap day of February 24. Other feasts normally falling on February 25–28 in common years are also shifted to the following day in a leap year (although they would be on the same day according to the Roman notation). The practice is still observed by those who use the older calendars.

 

The [[Julian calendar]] adds an extra day to February in years evenly divisible by four.

 

This rule gives an average year length of 365.25 days. However, it is 11 minutes longer than a real year. This means that the vernal equinox moves a day earlier in the calendar every 131 years.

 

The [[Revised Julian calendar]] adds an extra day to February in years divisible by four, except for years divisible by 100 that do not leave a remainder of 200 or 600 when divided by 900. This rule agrees with the rule for the Gregorian calendar until 2799. The first year that dates in the Revised Julian calendar will not agree with those in the Gregorian calendar will be 2800, because it will be a leap year in the Gregorian calendar but not in the Revised Julian calendar.

 

This rule gives an average year length of 365.242222… days. This is a very good approximation to the ''mean'' [[tropical year]], but because the ''vernal equinox'' year is slightly longer, the Revised Julian calendar does not do as good a job as the Gregorian calendar of keeping the vernal equinox on or close to March 21.

 

The [[Chinese calendar|Chinese]] and [[Korean calendar]]s are [[චන්ද්‍ර සූර්ය දින දසුන]], so a leap year has an extra ''month'', often called an ''embolismic'' month after the Greek word for it. In the Chinese calendar the [[leap month]] is added according to a complicated rule, which ensures that month 11 is always the month that contains the northern winter [[solstice]]. The intercalary month takes the same number as the preceding month; for example, if it follows the second month (二月) then it is simply called "leap second month" ({{zh-tsp|t=閏二月|s=闰二月|p=rùn'èryuè}}).

 

Years consisting of 12 months have between 353 and 355 days. In a ''k'sidra'' ("in order") 354-day year, months have alternating 30 and 29 day lengths. In a ''chaser'' ("lacking") year, the month of [[Kislev]] is reduced to 29 days. In a ''malei'' ("filled") year, the month of [[Cheshvan]] is increased to 30 days. 13-month years follow the same pattern, with the addition of the 30-day Adar Alef, giving them between 383 and 385 days.

 

In the [[Islamic calendar]], leap months are not used. The [[Qur'an]] says:

 

The months in the Islamic calender have 29 or 30 days.

 

The [[Indian National Calendar]] and the Revised [[Bangla Calendar]] of Bangladesh organise their leap years so that the leap day is always close to February 29 in the [[Gregorian calendar]]. This makes it easy to convert dates to or from Gregorian.

 

The [[Thai solar calendar]] uses the [[Buddhist Era]] (BE), but has been synchronized with the Gregorian since [[AD]] 1941.

 

In the [[Hindu calendar]], which is a [[lunisolar calendar]], the embolismic month is called ''adhika maasa'' (extra month). It is the month in which the sun is in the same sign of the stellar zodiac on two consecutive dark moons. ''Adhika maasa'' occurs once every two or three years, compensating for the approximately eleven fewer days per year in twelve lunar months than the solar calendar. Thus, Hindu festivals tend to occur within a given span of the Gregorian calendar. For example: the No Moon during Diwali festival tends to occur between October 22 and November 15. [[Buddhist calendar]]s in several related forms (each a simplified version of the Hindu calendar) are used on mainland Southeast Asia in the countries of Cambodia, Laos, [[Thai lunar calendar|Thailand]], Myanmar (formerly Burma) and Sri Lanka.

 

The calendar followed in some parts of [[South India]] (mainly in Tamil Nadu) is [[solar]]. It has a leap year every four years.

 

The [[Iranian calendar]] also has a single intercalated day once in every four years, but every 33 years or so the leap years will be five years apart instead of four years apart. The system used is more accurate and more complicated, and is based on the time of the March equinox as observed from [[Tehran]]. The 33-year period is not completely regular; every so often the 33-year cycle will be broken by a cycle of 29 or 37 years.

 

The accumulated difference between the Gregorian calendar and the vernal equinoctial year amounts to 1 day in about 8,000 years. This suggests that the calendar needs to be improved by another refinement to the leap year rule: perhaps by avoiding leap days in years evenly divisible by 8,000.

 

In particular, the second component of change depends on such things as [[post-glacial rebound]] and [[sea level rise]] due to [[climate change]]. We can't predict these changes accurately enough to be able to make a calendar that will be accurate to a day in tens of thousands of years.

 

In the English speaking world, it is a [[tradition]] that women may propose marriage only on leap years. While it has been argued that the tradition was initiated by [[Saint Patrick]] or [[Brigid of Kildare]] in 5th century [[Ireland]], it is dubious as the tradition has not been attested before the 19th century.<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/oldwives/february29.asp The Privilege of Ladies by Barbara Mikkelson]</ref> Supposedly, a 1288 law by Queen [[Margaret, Maid of Norway|Margaret of Scotland]] (then age five and living in Norway), required that fines be levied if a marriage proposal was refused by the man; compensation ranged from a kiss to £1 to a silk gown, in order to soften the blow.<ref>Virtually no laws of Margaret survive. Indeed, none concerning her subjects are recorded in the twelve volume ''Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland'' (1814–75) covering the period 1124–1707 (two laws concerning young Margaret herself are recorded on pages 424 & 441–2 of volume I).</ref> Because men felt that put them at too great a risk, the tradition was in some places tightened to restricting female proposals to the modern leap day, February 29, or to the medieval leap day, February 24. According to Felten: "A play from the turn of the 17th century, 'The Maydes Metamorphosis,' has it that 'this is leape year/women wear breeches.' A few hundred years later, breeches wouldn't do at all: Women looking to take advantage of their opportunity to pitch woo were expected to wear a scarlet petticoat -- fair warning, if you will."<ref>[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB120371485815386581.html?mod=djemITP The Bissextile Beverage - WSJ.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

 

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A person born on February 29 may be called a "''leapling''" or a "''leaper''" <ref> {{Citation

According to [[DC Comics]] editor [[Julius Schwartz]], the birth date of [[Superman]] is February 29. This was chosen both as a way to keep the character young as well as account for the differences between Earth years and Kryptonian years.

 

* [[Century leap year]]

* [[Leap week calendar]]

* [[Zeller's congruence]]

 

{{reflist|2}}

 

* [http://leapyearday.com/FamousLeapies.htm Famous persons born on Leap Day]

* [http://www.thesomnambulist.org/doku.php/all/14042008_hf Leap Day Campaign: Galileo Day]

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