"ව්‍යාප්ත වසංගත" හි සංශෝධන අතර වෙනස්කම්

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{{Current section}}
 
The 2009 outbreak of a new strain of [[Influenza A virus subtype H1N1]] created concerns that a new pandemic was occurring. In the latter half of April, 2009, the World Health Organization's [[Influenza_pandemicInfluenza pandemic#Phases|pandemic alert level]] was sequentially increased from three to five until the announcement on 11 June 2009 that the pandemic level had been raised to its highest level, level six. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8094655.stm "AWHO 'declares swine flu pandemic'"]. ''BBC News.'' June 11, 2009.</ref> This was the first pandemic on this level since 1968. [[Margaret Chan|Dr Margaret Chan]], Director-General of the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), gave a statement on 11 June 2009 confirming that the H1N1 strain was indeed a pandemic, having nearly 30,000 confirmed cases worldwide.
 
 
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=== Influenza ===
{{main|Influenza pandemic}}
[[Fileගොනුව:WHO pandemic phases.png|thumb|[[World Health Organization]] influenza pandemic alert phases]]
* The Greek physician [[Hippocrates]], the "Father of Medicine", first described influenza in 412 BC.<ref>[http://who.int/inf-pr-1999/en/pr99-11.html 50 Years of Influenza Surveillance]. ''World Health Organization''.</ref>
* The first influenza pandemic was recorded in 1580 and since then influenza pandemics occurred every 10 to 30 years.<ref>[http://www.gov.im/dhss/about/Public_Health/hp/pandemicflu/ "Pandemic Flu"]. Department of Health and Social Security.</ref><ref>Beveridge, W.I.B. (1977) ''Influenza: The Last Great Plague: An Unfinished Story of Discovery'', New York: Prodist. ISBN 0-88202-118-4.</ref><ref>{{cite journal
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* Influenza pandemics in 1729-1730, 1732-1733, 1781-1782, 1830, 1833-1834, 1847-1848.<ref>[http://www.naturalnews.com/017503.html "Bird flu timeline: A history of influenza from 412 BC – AD 2006"]. NaturalNews.</ref>
* The "[[Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H2N2Influenza A virus subtype H2N2#Russian_fluRussian flu|Asiatic Flu]]", 1889–1890, was first reported in May 1889 in [[Bukhara]], Uzbekistan. By October, it had reached [[Tomsk]] and the [[Caucasus]]. It rapidly spread west and hit [[North America]] in December 1889, South America in February–April 1890, India in February-March 1890, and Australia in March–April 1890. It was purportedly caused by the [[H2N8]] type of flu virus. It had a very high attack and [[mortality rate]]. About 1 million people died in this pandemic."<ref> [http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/panflu/biofacts/panflu.html CIDRAP] article ''Pandemic Influenza'' Last updated 29 May 2008</ref>
* The "[[Spanish flu]]", 1918–1919. First identified early in March 1918 in US troops training at [[Fort Riley|Camp Funston]], [[Kansas]]. By October 1918, it had spread to become a world-wide pandemic on all continents, and eventually infected an estimated one third of the [[world's population]] (or ≈500 million persons).<ref name="Taubenberger"/> Unusually deadly and virulent, it ended nearly as quickly as it began, vanishing completely within 18 months. In six months, some 50 million were dead;<ref name = "Taubenberger">
{{cite journal
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=== Yellow fever ===
[[Yellow fever]] has been a source of several devastating epidemics.<ref>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Yellow_Fever Yellow Fever - LoveToKnow 1911].</ref> Cities as far north as New York, Philadelphia, and Boston were hit with epidemics. In 1793, the largest [[Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793|yellow fever epidemic]] in U.S. history killed as many as
5,000 people in Philadelphia&mdash;roughlyPhiladelphia—roughly 10% of the population.<ref>{{cite web | last=Arnebeck | first=Bob | title=A Short History of Yellow Fever in the US | work=Benjamin Rush, Yellow Fever and the Birth of Modern Medicine | date=January 30, 2008 | url=http://www.geocities.com/bobarnebeck/history.html | accessdate=04-12-2008 }}</ref> About half of the residents had fled the city, including President George Washington. Approximately 300,000 people are believed to have died from yellow fever in [[Spain]] during the 19th century.<ref>[http://www.iberianature.com/material/tigermosquito.htm Tiger mosquitoes and the history of yellow fever and dengue in Spain].</ref> In colonial times, West Africa became known as "the white man's grave" because of malaria and yellow fever.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/15/weekinreview/the-world-africa-s-nations-start-to-be-theirbrothers-keepers.html Africa's Nations Start to Be TheirBrothers' Keepers]. The New York Times, October 15, 1995.</ref>
 
=== Unknown causes ===
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=== Antibiotic resistance ===
{{main|Antibiotic resistance}}
Antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, sometimes referred to as "[[Antibiotic resistance|superbugsuperbugs]]s", may contribute to the re-emergence of diseases which are currently well-controlled. For example, cases of [[tuberculosis]] that are resistant to traditionally effective treatments remain a cause of great concern to health professionals. Every year, nearly half a million new cases of [[multidrug-resistant tuberculosis]] (MDR-TB) are estimated to occur worldwide.<ref>[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2009/tuberculosis_drug_resistant_20090402/en/index.html Health ministers to accelerate efforts against drug-resistant TB]. ''World Health Organization.''</ref> After India, China has the highest rate of multidrug-resistant TB.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2009/apr/01/bill-gates-tb-timebomb-china Bill Gates joins Chinese government in tackling TB 'timebomb']. ''Guardian.co.uk''. April 1, 2009</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) reports that approximately 50 million people worldwide are infected with MDR TB, with 79 percent of those cases resistant to three or more antibiotics. In 2005, 124 cases of [[MDR TB]] were reported in the United States. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis ([[XDR TB]]) was identified in Africa in 2006, and subsequently discovered to exist in 49 countries, including the United States. About 40,000 new cases of XDR-TB emerge every year, the WHO estimates.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/11/17/tb.pandemic/index.html Tuberculosis: A new pandemic?]. CNN.com</ref>
 
The [[Plague (disease)|plague]] bacterium ''[[Yersinia pestis]]'' could develop drug-resistance and become a major health threat.<ref>[http://www.scidev.net/en/health/antibiotic-resistance/news/drugresistant-plague-a-major-threat-say-scient.html Drug-resistant plague a 'major threat', say scientists], SciDev.Net</ref> [[List of historical plagues|Plague epidemics]] have occurred throughout human history, causing over 200 million deaths worldwide. The ability to resist many of the antibiotics used against plague has been found so far in only a single case of the disease in [[Madagascar]].<ref>[http://www.pasteur.fr/actu/presse/press/07pesteTIGR_E.htm Researchers sound the alarm: the multidrug resistance of the plague bacillus could spread]. Pasteur.fr</ref>
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In 1346, the bodies of Mongol warriors who had died of plague were thrown over the walls of the besieged [[Crimea]]n city of [[Feodosiya#Caffa|Kaffa]] (now [[Feodosiya|Theodosia]]). After a protracted siege, during which the [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] army under [[Jani Beg]] was suffering the disease, they catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls to infect the inhabitants. It has been speculated that this operation may have been responsible for the advent of the [[Black Death]] in Europe.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wheelis M |title=Biological warfare at the 1346 siege of Caffa |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=971–5 |year=2002 |month=September |pmid=12194776 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol8no9/01-0536.htm}}</ref>
 
The [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] population was decimated after contact with the [[Old World]] due to the introduction of many different fatal diseases. There is, however, only one documented case of germ warfare, involving British commander [[Jeffrey Amherst]] and Swiss-British officer Colonel [[Henry Bouquet]], whose correspondence included a reference to the idea of giving [[smallpox]]-infected blankets to Indians as part of an incident known as [[Pontiac's Rebellion]] which occurred during the [[Pontiac's_Rebellions Rebellion#Siege_of_Fort_PittSiege of Fort Pitt|Siege of Fort Pitt]] (1763) late in the [[French and Indian War]].<ref>{{cite book
|first=Jared |last=Diamond
|title=Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies
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|isbn=0-393-03891-2}}</ref> It is uncertain whether this documented British attempt successfully infected the Indians.<ref>Dixon, ''Never Come to Peace'', 152–55; McConnell, ''A Country Between'', 195–96; Dowd, ''War under Heaven'', 190. For historians who believe the attempt at infection was successful, see Nester, ''Haughty Conquerors"'', 112; Jennings, ''Empire of Fortune'', 447–48.</ref>
During the [[Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)|Sino-Japanese War]] (1937-1945), [[Unit 731]] of the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] conducted [[Japanese_war_crimesJapanese war crimes#Human_experimentation_and_biological_warfareHuman experimentation and biological warfare|human experimentation]] on thousands, mostly Chinese. In military campaigns, the Japanese army used biological weapons on Chinese soldiers and civilians. Plague fleas, infected clothing, and infected supplies encased in bombs were dropped on various targets. The resulting [[cholera]], [[anthrax]], and [[Plague (disease)|plague]] were estimated to have killed around 400,000 Chinese civilians.<ref>{{cite news |title=Doctors of Depravity |publisher=Daily Mail |author=Christopher Hudson |date=2 March 2007 |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=439776&in_page_id=1770}}</ref>
 
Diseases considered for weaponization, or known to be weaponized include [[anthrax]], [[ebola]], [[Marburg virus]], [[Plague (disease)|plague]], [[cholera]], [[typhus]], [[Rocky Mountain spotted fever]], [[tularemia]], [[brucellosis]], [[Q fever]], [[machupo]], [[Coccidioides mycosis]], [[Glanders]], [[Melioidosis]], [[Shigella]], [[Psittacosis]], [[Japanese encephalitis|Japanese B encephalitis]], [[Rift Valley fever]], [[yellow fever]], and [[smallpox]].<ref name="Alibek"/>
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* Steward's "The Next Global Threat: Pandemic Influenza".
* American Lung Association. (2007, April), Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis Fact Sheet. As retrieved from www.lungusa.org/site/pp.aspx?c=dvLUK9O0E&b=35815 November 29, 2007.
* {{cite journal |author=Larson E |title=Community factors in the development of antibiotic resistance |journal=Annu Rev Public Health |volume=28 |pages=435–47 |year=2007 |pmid=17094768 |doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144020 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Bancroft EA |title=Antimicrobial resistance: it's not just for hospitals |journal=JAMA |volume=298 |issue=15 |pages=1803–4 |year=2007 |month=October |pmid=17940239 |doi=10.1001/jama.298.15.1803 }}
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[[Categoryප්‍රවර්ගය:Biological hazards]]
[[Categoryප්‍රවර්ගය:වසංගත]]
[[Categoryප්‍රවර්ගය:වසංගතවේදය]]
[[Categoryප්‍රවර්ගය:Pandemics|*]]
[[Categoryප්‍රවර්ගය:Economic problems]]
[[Categoryප්‍රවර්ගය:Global health]]
 
[[af:Pandemie]]
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