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{{Current section}}
The 2009 outbreak of a new strain of [[Influenza A virus subtype H1N1]] created concerns that a new pandemic was occurring. In the latter half of April, 2009, the World Health Organization's [[
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=== Influenza ===
{{main|Influenza pandemic}}
[[
* The Greek physician [[Hippocrates]], the "Father of Medicine", first described influenza in 412 BC.<ref>[http://who.int/inf-pr-1999/en/pr99-11.html 50 Years of Influenza Surveillance]. ''World Health Organization''.</ref>
* The first influenza pandemic was recorded in 1580 and since then influenza pandemics occurred every 10 to 30 years.<ref>[http://www.gov.im/dhss/about/Public_Health/hp/pandemicflu/ "Pandemic Flu"]. Department of Health and Social Security.</ref><ref>Beveridge, W.I.B. (1977) ''Influenza: The Last Great Plague: An Unfinished Story of Discovery'', New York: Prodist. ISBN 0-88202-118-4.</ref><ref>{{cite journal
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* Influenza pandemics in 1729-1730, 1732-1733, 1781-1782, 1830, 1833-1834, 1847-1848.<ref>[http://www.naturalnews.com/017503.html "Bird flu timeline: A history of influenza from 412 BC – AD 2006"]. NaturalNews.</ref>
* The "[[
* The "[[Spanish flu]]", 1918–1919. First identified early in March 1918 in US troops training at [[Fort Riley|Camp Funston]], [[Kansas]]. By October 1918, it had spread to become a world-wide pandemic on all continents, and eventually infected an estimated one third of the [[world's population]] (or ≈500 million persons).<ref name="Taubenberger"/> Unusually deadly and virulent, it ended nearly as quickly as it began, vanishing completely within 18 months. In six months, some 50 million were dead;<ref name = "Taubenberger">
{{cite journal
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=== Yellow fever ===
[[Yellow fever]] has been a source of several devastating epidemics.<ref>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Yellow_Fever Yellow Fever - LoveToKnow 1911].</ref> Cities as far north as New York, Philadelphia, and Boston were hit with epidemics. In 1793, the largest [[Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793|yellow fever epidemic]] in U.S. history killed as many as
5,000 people in
=== Unknown causes ===
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=== Antibiotic resistance ===
{{main|Antibiotic resistance}}
Antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, sometimes referred to as "[[Antibiotic resistance|
The [[Plague (disease)|plague]] bacterium ''[[Yersinia pestis]]'' could develop drug-resistance and become a major health threat.<ref>[http://www.scidev.net/en/health/antibiotic-resistance/news/drugresistant-plague-a-major-threat-say-scient.html Drug-resistant plague a 'major threat', say scientists], SciDev.Net</ref> [[List of historical plagues|Plague epidemics]] have occurred throughout human history, causing over 200 million deaths worldwide. The ability to resist many of the antibiotics used against plague has been found so far in only a single case of the disease in [[Madagascar]].<ref>[http://www.pasteur.fr/actu/presse/press/07pesteTIGR_E.htm Researchers sound the alarm: the multidrug resistance of the plague bacillus could spread]. Pasteur.fr</ref>
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In 1346, the bodies of Mongol warriors who had died of plague were thrown over the walls of the besieged [[Crimea]]n city of [[Feodosiya#Caffa|Kaffa]] (now [[Feodosiya|Theodosia]]). After a protracted siege, during which the [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] army under [[Jani Beg]] was suffering the disease, they catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls to infect the inhabitants. It has been speculated that this operation may have been responsible for the advent of the [[Black Death]] in Europe.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wheelis M |title=Biological warfare at the 1346 siege of Caffa |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=971–5 |year=2002 |month=September |pmid=12194776 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol8no9/01-0536.htm}}</ref>
The [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] population was decimated after contact with the [[Old World]] due to the introduction of many different fatal diseases. There is, however, only one documented case of germ warfare, involving British commander [[Jeffrey Amherst]] and Swiss-British officer Colonel [[Henry Bouquet]], whose correspondence included a reference to the idea of giving [[smallpox]]-infected blankets to Indians as part of an incident known as [[Pontiac's Rebellion]] which occurred during the [[Pontiac'
|first=Jared |last=Diamond
|title=Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies
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|isbn=0-393-03891-2}}</ref> It is uncertain whether this documented British attempt successfully infected the Indians.<ref>Dixon, ''Never Come to Peace'', 152–55; McConnell, ''A Country Between'', 195–96; Dowd, ''War under Heaven'', 190. For historians who believe the attempt at infection was successful, see Nester, ''Haughty Conquerors"'', 112; Jennings, ''Empire of Fortune'', 447–48.</ref>
During the [[Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)|Sino-Japanese War]] (1937-1945), [[Unit 731]] of the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] conducted [[
Diseases considered for weaponization, or known to be weaponized include [[anthrax]], [[ebola]], [[Marburg virus]], [[Plague (disease)|plague]], [[cholera]], [[typhus]], [[Rocky Mountain spotted fever]], [[tularemia]], [[brucellosis]], [[Q fever]], [[machupo]], [[Coccidioides mycosis]], [[Glanders]], [[Melioidosis]], [[Shigella]], [[Psittacosis]], [[Japanese encephalitis|Japanese B encephalitis]], [[Rift Valley fever]], [[yellow fever]], and [[smallpox]].<ref name="Alibek"/>
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* Steward's "The Next Global Threat: Pandemic Influenza".
* American Lung Association. (2007, April), Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis Fact Sheet. As retrieved from www.lungusa.org/site/pp.aspx?c=dvLUK9O0E&b=35815 November 29, 2007.
* {{cite journal |author=Larson E |title=Community factors in the development of antibiotic resistance |journal=Annu Rev Public Health |volume=28 |pages=435–47 |year=2007 |pmid=17094768 |doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144020 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Bancroft EA |title=Antimicrobial resistance: it's not just for hospitals |journal=JAMA |volume=298 |issue=15 |pages=1803–4 |year=2007 |month=October |pmid=17940239 |doi=10.1001/jama.298.15.1803 }}
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