"ළමා වෛද්‍යවේදය" හි සංශෝධන අතර වෙනස්කම්

{{පරිවර්ථනය}}

'''Pediatrics''' ({{lang-en-GB|paediatrics}}) is the branch of [[medicine]] that deals with the medical care of [[infant]]s, [[child]]ren, and [[adolescent]]s. The upper age limit ranges from age 14 to 18, depending on the country.

 

The word ''pediatrics'' and its [[cognates]] mean ''healer of children''; they derive from two [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] words: {{polytonic|[[wikt:παῖς|παῖς]]}} (''pais'' = child) and {{polytonic|[[wikt:ἰατρός|ἰατρός]]}} (''iatros'' = doctor or healer).

 

Pediatrics differs from adult medicine in many respects. The obvious body size differences are paralleled by maturational changes. The smaller body of an [[infant]] or [[neonate]] is substantially different physiologically from that of an adult. Congenital defects, genetic variance, and developmental issues are of greater concern to pediatricians than they often are to adult physicians.

 

Treating a child is not like treating a miniature adult. A major difference between pediatrics and adult medicine is that children are minors and, in most [[jurisdiction]]s, cannot make decisions for themselves. The issues of [[guardianship]], privacy, legal responsibility and informed consent must always be considered in every pediatric procedure. In a sense, pediatricians often have to treat the parents and sometimes, the family, rather than just the child. Adolescents are in their own legal class, having rights to their own health care decisions in certain circumstances only.

 

In the 9th century, the famous [[Islamic medicine|Persian physician]] Rhazes ([[Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi]]) wrote ''The Diseases of Children'', the first book to deal with pediatrics as an independent field of medicine. For this reason, some medical historians consider him the father of pediatrics.<ref name=Tschanz>David W. Tschanz, PhD (2003), "Arab Roots of European Medicine", ''Heart Views'' '''4''' (2).</ref> His teacher [[Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari]] was also a pioneer in the field of [[child development]], which he earlier discussed in his ''Firdous al-Hikmah''.<ref name=Amber>Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions

 

Pediatrics as a separate area of medical practice in the Western world largely began in the nineteenth century. [[Great Ormond Street Hospital|The Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street]] (London) was founded in 1852, and is probably the oldest such children's hospital in the English-speaking world. Great Ormond Street is adjacent to [[Coram's Fields]], the site of the much earlier [[Foundling Hospital]]. The emigrant German physician, [[Abraham Jacobi]], worked in the same period and is often considered the father of pediatrics.

 

The training of pediatricians varies considerably across the world.{{main|Medical education|Physician}}

 

In most jurisdictions, entry-level degrees are common to all branches of the medical profession, but in some jurisdictions, specialization in pediatrics may begin before completion of this degree. In some jurisdictions, pediatric training is begun immediately following completion of entry-level training. In other jurisdictions, junior medical doctors must undertake [[generalist]] (unstreamed) training for a number of years before commencing pediatric (or any other) [[specialization]]. Specialist training is often largely under the control of '''pediatric organizations''' (see below) rather than universities, with varying degrees of government input, depending on jurisdiction.

 

 

Pediatricians have different roles in different countries.

In the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and many other parts of the world, a pediatrician is also a [[specialty (medicine)|specialist]] physician for children, but generally ''not'' in primary care. He or she sees children who are either urgently taken to a hospital or who are referred by [[general practitioner]]s; the latter see the bulk of child patients in primary care. Pediatricians generally first receive a general medical degree, typically [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MB BS, MB BChir]], etc., and then complete at least two years' general clinical training ("foundation training"), followed by six or more years' additional training in pediatrics or its [[Subspecialty|subspecialties]].

 

 

Specialist pediatricians may undergo further training in sub-specialties. Practicing a subspecialty in pediatrics is similar in some respects to practising the relevant adult specialty, but a major difference is in the pattern of disease. Typically, diseases commonly seen in children are rare in adults (''e.g.'' [[bronchiolitis]], [[rotavirus]] infection), and those seen in adults are rare in children (''e.g.'' [[coronary artery disease]], [[deep vein thrombosis]]). Hence, pediatric [[cardiology|cardiologists]] deal with the heart conditions of children, particularly congenital heart defects, and pediatric [[oncology|oncologists]] most often treat types of cancer that are relatively common in children (''e.g.'' certain [[leukemia]]s, [[lymphoma]]s and [[sarcomas]]), but which are rarely seen in adults. Every subspecialty of adult medicine exists in pediatrics (with the obvious exception of [[geriatrics]]).

Most pediatricians are members of a national body. Examples are the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]], the [[Canadian Paediatric Society]], the [[Royal College Of Paediatrics and Child Health]], [[Norsk barnelegeforening]] (The Norwegian society of pediatricians) or the [[Indian Academy of Pediatrics]]. In Australia and New Zealand, paediatricians are fellows of the [[Royal Australasian College of Physicians]], which covers both nations and which has adult & paediatric sections. This was the situation in the UK until the late 1990s, where specialist pediatricians were Members Fellows of either the [[Royal College of Physicians]] or of the fraternal colleges in Scotland. In 1996, British paediatricians were granted a royal charter to form their own college, the [[Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health]].

 

 

Like other [[physician|medical practitioners]], pediatricians are traditionally considered to be members of a learned [[profession]], because of the extensive training requirements, and also because of the occupation's special ethical and legal duties.

* [[Child life specialist]]

 

{{reflist}}

 

* [http://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/contpeds/ Contemporary Pediatrics] - a monthly magazine

* [http://clp.sagepub.com Clinical Pediatrics] - a peer-reviewed journal

 

{{commons|Paediatrics|Pediatrics}}

{{Wikibooks|Pediatrics}}

 

{{Medicine}}

 

[[ar:طب الأطفال]]

[[it:Pediatria]]

[[ja:小児科学]]

[[ka:პედიატრია]]

[[la:Paediatria]]

[[lt:Pediatrija]]

[[mk:Педијатрија]]

[[ne:बालरोगशास्त्र]]

[[nl:Pediatrie]]