"නිදහස් මෘදුකාංග" හි සංශෝධන අතර වෙනස්කම්

{{translation}}

{{නිදහස් මෘදුකාංග}}

[[නිදහස් මෘදුකාංග පදනම]]<!-- Free Software Foundation --> මගින් අර්ථ දක්වා ඇති අන්දමට '''නිදහස් මෘදුකාංග''' යනු බාධාවකින් තොරව භාවිතා කිරීමට, පිටපත් කිරීමට, අධ්‍යායනය කිරීමට, වෙනස් කිරීමට හා යලි බෙදා හැරීමට හැකි [[මෘදුකාංග]] <!-- software --> වේ. මෘදුකාංගයක් නිදහස් මෘදුකාංගයක් ලෙස බෙදා හැරීමේ සාමාන්‍ය ක්‍රමය වනුයේ මෘදුකාංගය එය ලබන්නා වෙත [[නිදහස් මෘදුකාංග බලපත්‍රය]]ක් සමග ලියාපදිංචි කිරීම (හෝ Public domain තුළ වීම) සහ මෘදුකාංගයෙහි [[මූල කේතය]] මුදා හැරීම වේ. (for a [[compiled language]]).

 

; Late 1970s and early [[1980s]] : Companies began routinely imposing restrictions on programmers with software license agreements. Sometimes this was because companies were now making money from [[proprietary software]] or they were trying to keep hardware characteristics secret by hiding the source code. Other times it was because of the increasingly corporatised attitude in the growing and previously eclectic industry saw protecting source code and [[trade secrets]] as a norm even if it didn't provide any benefit to business. [[Bill Gates]] signalled the change of the times when he wrote an [[Open Letter to Hobbyists|open letter]] urging hackers to stop ''stealing'' by breaking license agreements.

; [[1983]] : [[Richard Stallman]] launched the [[GNU project]] after becoming frustrated with the effects of the change in culture of the computer industry and users. One incident was when a printer wouldn't work but he couldn't [[Hack (technology slang)|hack]] the source code to fix the problem because it was withheld. Software development for the [[GNU operating system]] began in January 1984, and [[Free Software Foundation]] (FSF) was founded in October 1985. He introduced a free software definition and "[[copyleft]]", designed to ensure software freedom for all. [http://cisn.metu.edu.tr/2002-6/free.php] Some reacted strongly against Stallman's position as idealistic nonsense and he was strongly mocked and criticised.

 

== Free software licenses ==

* [[Copyleft]] licenses, the [[GNU General Public License]] being the most prominent. The author retains copyright and permits redistribution and modification under terms to ensure that all modified versions remain free.

* [[Public domain]] software - the author has abandoned the copyright. Since public-domain software lacks copyright protection, it may be freely incorporated into any work, whether proprietary or free.

 

A copyright owner of copyleft-licensed software can produce and sell a version under any license, in addition to distributing the original version as free software. Many free software companies do this; this does not restrict any rights granted to the users of the copyleft version.

Some free software like [[OpenOffice.org]] work on the [[non-free]] [[Microsoft Windows]] and non-free [[Unix]] platforms. Non-free software can work on free platforms, although purists prefer using platforms composed entirely of free software such as [[GNU/Linux]].

 

 

== Social significance ==

* Free software is generally available at little to no cost. Thus, free software is a [[pure public good]] rather than a [[private good]].

* May result in a permanently lower cost compared to [[proprietary software]], due to the fact that free software is becoming popular in [[third world]] countries.

* Open source allows anyone, not just the employees of a business, to fix bugs and security issues in far less time.

 

*Possible loss of incentives to produce software for the [[entertainment industry]].

*Possible loss of incentives to pay people to write software in the "cathedral" style of development of proprietary software (see Eric S. Raymond's ''[[The Cathedral and the Bazaar]]'').

*Possible loss of incentives for commercial [[innovation]], due to lack of a [[capitalist]] competitive business environment.

 

Computer software is inanimate and therefore not political. However, its effects on society, like speech, are political.

 

SCO CEO [[Darl McBride]] and others have tended to characterise free software as [[communist]].[http://www.economist.com/business/displayStory.cfm?story_id=2020889] The accusation leverages the influential legacy of [[anti-communism]] in [[United States]] to generate an effect in the market or in legal matters.[http://news.com.com/2010-7344-5083904.html] Communism opposes the free market and rejects private property. Free software gives users the same freedoms as the copyright holder, while the owners of [[proprietary software]] make restrictions to generate profit. The free software community is also critical of software patents, and other protection technologies. Models for collective ownership in free software is at odds with capitalistic/individualist ownership and production. However, free software licenses allow one to charge a price for distributing the software. Further, copyright holders have copyright law to enforce the license of their free software package if the need arises.

 

The [[libertarian]] ideal can be characterised as being in favour of social liberty (including free speech, a free press and privacy) as well as economic liberty (including property rights and individual control over property) and in favour of a [[capitalist]] [[free market]]. There is some evidence that free software is congruent with libertarian ideals of economic liberty, intellectual property [http://libertariannation.org/a/f31l1.html] and freedom from invasions of privacy.

 

 

 

It is often wondered why individuals would make the effort to participate and contribute to free software, as such contributions can be very costly in terms of effort or time.

 

* [http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/ The GNU philosophy pages]

* [http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html FSF's comparison of "Open Source" and "Free Software"]

* [http://ciaran.compsoc.com/texts/ Free software transcripts by Ciaran O'Riordan]

* [http://www.freewebs.com/freesofts4win/ The best free softwares for Windows XP and Windows Vista]

{{software distribution}}

 

www.ubuntu.com,

www.shipit.ubuntu.com

 

[[ar:برمجيات حرة]]

[[ast:Software llibre]]