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'''PubMedපබ්මෙඩ් Centralසෙන්ට්රල්''' ('''{{en|PubMed Central, PMC'''}}) යනු නිදහසනිදහස් ලෙස ප්රවේශ විය හැකි ජෛව වෛද්ය සඟරා ලිපි ගබඩාවක් වේ.
'''PubMed Central''' ('''PMC''') is a free [[digital repository]] that archives [[open access]] full-text scholarly articles that have been published in [[biomedical]] and [[life sciences]] journals. As one of the major research databases developed by the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] (NCBI), PubMed Central is more than a document repository. Submissions to PMC are indexed and formatted for enhanced [[metadata]], [[medical ontologies|medical ontology]], and unique identifiers which enrich the [[XML]] structured data for each article.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.4242/BalisageVol6.Beck01 | title=Report from the Field: PubMed Central, an XML-based Archive of Life Sciences Journal Articles | journal=Proceedings of the International Symposium on XML for the Long Haul: Issues in the Long-term Preservation of XML | volume=6 | last1 = Beck | first1 = Jeff | name-list-style = vanc | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-935958-02-4 }}</ref> Content within PMC can be linked to other NCBI databases and accessed via [[Entrez]] search and retrieval systems, further enhancing the public's ability to discover, read and build upon its biomedical knowledge.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK153388/|title=PubMed Central |first1=Chris |last1=Maloney |first2=Ed |last2=Sequeira |first3=Christopher |last3=Kelly |first4=Rebecca |last4=Orris |first5=Jeffrey |last5=Beck | name-list-style = vanc |date=5 December 2013|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)}}</ref>
{{As of|2018|12}}, the PMC archive contained over 5.2 million articles,<ref>"Openness by Default", ''Inside Higher Ed'', 16 January 2017.</ref> with contributions coming from publishers or authors depositing their manuscripts into the repository per the [[NIH Public Access Policy]]. Earlier data shows that from January 2013 to January 2014 author-initiated deposits exceeded 103,000 papers during a 12-month period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nihms.nih.gov/stats/|title=NIHMS Statistics|website=nihms.nih.gov}}</ref> PMC identifies about 4,000 journals which participate in some capacity to deposit their published content into the PMC repository.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/|title=Home - PMC - NCBI|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> Some publishers delay the release of their articles on PubMed Central for a set time after publication, referred to as an "embargo period", ranging from a few months to a few years depending on the journal. (Embargoes of six to twelve months are the most common.) PubMed Central is a key example of "systematic external distribution by a third party",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Noureddine_Ouerfelli/post/How_to_write_a_good_paper_for_a_Scientific_Journal/attachment/59d61d5e79197b8077977bef/AS%3A273846177861632%401442301424139/download/ArticleUse.pdf |title=Author rights: what's it all about |first=Noureddine |last=Ouerfelli | name-list-style = vanc }}</ref> which is still prohibited by the contributor agreements of many publishers.
==Adoption==
{{see also|NIH Public Access Policy}}
Launched in February 2000, the repository has grown rapidly as the [[NIH Public Access Policy]] is designed to make all research funded by the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) freely accessible to anyone, and, in addition, many publishers are working cooperatively with the NIH to provide free access to their works. In late 2007, the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2008 (H.R. 2764) was signed into law and included a provision requiring the NIH to modify its policies and require inclusion into PubMed Central complete electronic copies of their peer-reviewed research and findings from NIH-funded research. These articles are required to be included within 12 months of publication. This is the first time the US government has required an agency to provide [[open access]] to research and is an evolution from the 2005 policy, in which the NIH asked researchers to voluntarily add their research to PubMed Central.<ref name="science codex">{{cite web|title=Public access to NIH research made law|url=http://www.sciencecodex.com/public_access_mandate_made_law|work=Science Codex|access-date=6 November 2013|date=2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085317/http://www.sciencecodex.com/public_access_mandate_made_law|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
A UK version of the PubMed Central system, [[UK PubMed Central (UKPMC)]], has been developed by the [[Wellcome Trust]] and the [[British Library]] as part of a nine-strong group of UK research funders. This system went live in January 2007. On 1 November 2012, it became [[Europe PubMed Central]]. The Canadian member of the PubMed Central International network, [[PubMed Central Canada]], was launched in October 2009.
The [[National Library of Medicine]] "NLM Journal Publishing Tag Set" journal article [[markup language]] is freely available.<ref>{{cite web|title=Journal Publishing Tag Set|url=http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information|access-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> The [[Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers]] comments that "it is likely to become the standard for preparing scholarly content for both books and journals".<ref>{{cite web|last=French|first=Diane| name-list-style = vanc |title=ALPSP Technology Update: A Standard XML Document Format: The case for the adoption of NLM DTD|url=https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?A2=lis-ukeig;6f7e7fea.06|publisher=ALPSP|access-date=6 November 2013|date=4 August 2006}}</ref> A related [[Document Type Definition|DTD]] is available for books.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/book/|title=NCBI Book Tag Set|website=dtd.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> The [[Library of Congress]] and the British Library have announced support for the NLM DTD.<ref>{{cite web|title=News from the Library of Congress|url=https://www.loc.gov/today/pr/2006/06-097.html|work=Library of Congress|access-date=6 November 2013|date=19 April 2006}}</ref> It has also been popular with journal service providers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inera.com/nlmresources.shtml|title=Inera Inc. - NLM DTD Resources|date=19 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219041214/http://www.inera.com/nlmresources.shtml|archive-date=2013-02-19}}</ref>
With the release of public access plans for many agencies beyond NIH, PMC is in the process of becoming the repository for a wider variety of articles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cendi.gov/projects/Public_Access_Plans_US_Fed_Agencies.html|title=Public Access Plans of U.S. Federal Agencies|website=cendi.gov}}</ref> This includes NASA content, with the interface branded as "PubSpace".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/open/researchaccess/public-access-results|title=Public Access to Results of NASA-Funded Research|first=Yael|last=Kovo | name-list-style = vanc | date=22 July 2016|website=nasa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://preview.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/funder/nasa/|title=NASA in PMC|website=preview.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref>
==Technology==
Articles are sent to PubMed Central by publishers in [[XML]] or [[SGML]], using a variety of article [[Document Type Definition|DTD]]s. Older and larger publishers may have their own established in-house DTDs, but many publishers use the NLM Journal Publishing DTD (see above).
Received articles are converted via [[XSLT]] to the very similar NLM Archiving and Interchange DTD. This process may reveal errors that are reported back to the publisher for correction. Graphics are also converted to standard formats and sizes. The original and converted forms are archived. The converted form is moved into a relational database, along with associated files for graphics, multimedia, or other associated data. Many publishers also provide [[PDF]] of their articles, and these are made available without change.<ref>[http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/ NLM Journal Archiving and Interchange Tag Suite], National
Center for Biotechnical Information, National Library of Medicine</ref>
Bibliographic citations are parsed and automatically linked to the relevant abstracts in PubMed, articles in PubMed Central, and resources on publishers' Web sites. PubMed links also lead to PubMed Central. Unresolvable references, such as to journals or particular articles not yet available at one of these sources, are tracked in the database and automatically come "live" when the resources become available.
An in-house indexing system provides search capability, and is aware of biological and [[medical terminology]], such as generic vs. proprietary drug names, and alternate names for organisms, diseases and anatomical parts.
When a user accesses a journal issue, a table of contents is automatically generated by retrieving all articles, letters, editorials, etc. for that issue. When an actual item such as an article is reached, PubMed Central converts the NLM markup to [[HTML]] for delivery, and provides links to related data objects. This is feasible because the variety of incoming data has first been converted to standard DTDs and graphic formats.
In a separate submission stream, NIH-funded authors may deposit articles into PubMed Central using the NIH Manuscript Submission (NIHMS). Articles thus submitted typically go through XML markup in order to be converted to NLM DTD.
== Reception ==
Reactions to PubMed Central among the scholarly publishing community range between a genuine enthusiasm by some,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.plos.org/plos-applauds-congress-for-action-on-open-access/ |title=PLOS Applauds Congress for Action on Open Access |access-date=2014-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507051709/https://www.plos.org/plos-applauds-congress-for-action-on-open-access/ |archive-date=2016-05-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref> to cautious concern by others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/scholarly-pubs-(%23277)%20acs.pdf|work=[[Office of Science and Technology Policy]]|title=ACS Submission to the Office of Science and Technology Policy Request for Information on Public Access to Peer-Reviewed Scholarly Publications Resulting from Federally Funded Research|via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|access-date=2014-02-07}}</ref>
While PMC is a welcome partner to open access publishers in its ability to augment the discovery and dissemination of biomedical knowledge, that same truth causes others to worry about traffic being diverted from the published [[version of record]], the economic consequences of less readership, as well as the effect on maintaining a community of scholars within learned societies.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Davis PM | title = The effect of public deposit of scientific articles on readership | journal = The Physiologist | volume = 55 | issue = 5 | pages = 161, 163–5 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23155924 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Davis PM | title = Public accessibility of biomedical articles from PubMed Central reduces journal readership--retrospective cohort analysis | journal = FASEB Journal | volume = 27 | issue = 7 | pages = 2536–41 | date = July 2013 | pmid = 23554455 | pmc = 3688741 | doi = 10.1096/fj.13-229922 }}</ref> A 2013 analysis found strong evidence that public repositories of published articles were responsible for "drawing significant numbers of readers away from journal websites" and that "the effect of PMC is growing over time".<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Davis PM | title = Public accessibility of biomedical articles from PubMed Central reduces journal readership--retrospective cohort analysis | journal = FASEB Journal | volume = 27 | issue = 7 | pages = 2536–41 | date = July 2013 | pmid = 23554455 | pmc = 3688741 | doi = 10.1096/fj.13-229922 }}</ref>
Libraries, universities, open access supporters, consumer health advocacy groups, and patient rights organizations have applauded PubMed Central, and hope to see similar public access repositories developed by other federal funding agencies so to freely share any research publications that were the result of taxpayer support.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autismspeaks.org/about-us/press-releases/autism-speaks-announces-new-policy-give-families-easy-free-access-key-resear|title=Autism Speaks Announces New Policy to Give Families Easy, Free Access to Key Research Findings - Press Release - Autism Speaks|date=25 July 2012|website=www.autismspeaks.org}}</ref>
The Antelman study of open access publishing found that in philosophy, political science, electrical and electronic engineering and mathematics, [[Open access (publishing)|open access]] papers had a greater research impact.<ref>{{cite journal |doi = 10.5860/crl.65.5.372|title = Do Open-Access Articles Have a Greater Research Impact?|journal = College & Research Libraries|volume = 65|issue = 5|pages = 372–382|year = 2004|last1 = Antelman|first1 = Kristin|doi-access = free}}, summarized by {{cite journal |doi = 10.5860/crln.67.11.7720|title = Scholarly communication: Turning crisis into opportunity|journal = College & Research Libraries News|volume = 67|issue = 11|pages = 692–696|year = 2006|last1 = Stemper|first1 = Jim|last2 = Williams|first2 = Karen | name-list-style = vanc |doi-access = free}}</ref> A randomised trial found an increase in content downloads of open access papers, with no citation advantage over subscription access one year after publication.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Davis PM, Lewenstein BV, Simon DH, Booth JG, Connolly MJ | title = Open access publishing, article downloads, and citations: randomised controlled trial | journal = BMJ | volume = 337 | pages = a568 | date = July 2008 | pmid = 18669565 | pmc = 2492576 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.a568 }}</ref>
The NIH policy and open access repository work has inspired a [[Open-access mandate#United States funding agencies|2013 presidential directive]] which has sparkled action in other federal agencies as well.
In March 2020, PubMed Central accelerated its deposit procedures for the full text of publications on [[coronavirus]]. The NLM did so upon request from the White House [[Office of Science and Technology Policy]] and international scientists to improve access for scientists, healthcare providers, [[Biomedical text mining|data mining innovators]], [[Artificial intelligence in healthcare|AI healthcare researchers]], and the general public.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2020-03-31|title=The National Library of Medicine expands access to coronavirus literature through PubMed Central|url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/national-library-medicine-expands-access-coronavirus-literature-through-pubmed-central|date=2020-03-25|website=National Institutes of Health (NIH)|quote=To support this initiative, NLM is adapting its standard procedures for depositing articles into PMC to provide greater flexibility that will ensure coronavirus research is readily available.}}</ref>
==PMCID==
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