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[[ලෝක සෞඛ්ය සංවිධානය]] (WHO) සහ ශ්රී ලංකාවේ [[පවුල් සෞඛ්ය කාර්යංශය]] වයස මාස 6 දක්වා [[මවු කිරි පමනක් දීම]]ද (Exclusive breastfeeding) වසර 2කට වඩා මවුකිරි ලබාදීමද නිර්දේශ කරයි. Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life "provides continuing protection against diarrhea and respiratory tract infection" that is more common in babies fed formula. <ref>{{cite web| title=Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk - AAP policy statement| url=http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;115/2/496| month=February | year=2005| accessdate=2008-08-08}}</ref> The WHO<ref name="WHO_breastfeeding">{{cite web | title=Exclusive Breastfeeding | work=WHO: Child and Adolescent Health and Development: Breastfeeding | url=http://www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/topics/prevention_care/child/nutrition/breastfeeding/en/index.html | accessdate=2008-09-22}}</ref> and AAP<ref name="Gartner_2005">{{cite journal | author=Gartner LM, ''et al'' | title=Breastfeeding and the use of human milk | journal=Pediatrics | year=2005 | pages=496–506 | volume=115 | issue=2 | url=http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;115/2/496 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2004-2491 | pmid = 15687461}}</ref> both stress the value of breastfeeding for mothers and children. While recognizing the superiority of breastfeeding, regulating authorities also work to minimize the risks of artificial feeding.<ref name="Baker_2003" />
According to a WHO 2001 report,<ref name="WHO2001">{{cite conference
| author=Secretariat, World Health Organization
| title = Infant and Young Child Nutrition: Global strategy for infant and young child feeding
| publisher = World Health Organization
| date= 2001-11-24
| location =
| url = http://web.archive.org/web/20071129082404/http://www.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB109/eeb10912.pdf
| format=PDF
| doi =
| id = WHO Executive Board 109th Session provisional agenda item 3.8 (EB109/12)
| accessdate = }}</ref> alternatives to breastfeeding include:
* expressed breast milk from an infant’s own [[mother]]
* breast milk from a healthy [[wet-nurse]] or a human-milk bank
* a [[infant formula|breast-milk substitute]] fed with a cup, which is a safer method than a [[baby bottle|feeding bottle and teat]].
The acceptability of [[Breastfeeding in public]] varies by culture and country. In [[Western culture]], though most approve of breastfeeding, some mothers may be reluctant to do so out of fear of public opinion.
== ක්ෂීරණය ==
{{මූලික|ක්ෂීරණය}}
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The production, secretion and ejection of milk is called lactation. It is one of the defining features of being a [[mammal]].
== මවුකිරි ==
| Vitamin A: || 75%
|}
The quality of a mother's breast milk may be compromised by stress, bad food habits, chronic illnesses, smoking, and drinking.<ref>author=W.Sadler,L.Sadler | The Mother and Her Child | 1916 |Part II</ref>{{Verify credibility|can we get an up-to-date source for this since it seems obvious|date=January 2009}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.health-e-learning.com/content/view/32/63/ | title=Social drugs and breastfeeding | author=Denise Fisher}}</ref>
== ළදරුවන්ට ලැබෙක වාසි ==
[[ගොනුව:Namibie Himba 0703a.jpg|thumb|right|[[Himba]] woman and child.]]
[[ගොනුව:Kabala mother.jpg|thumb|right|A woman with her child in [[Kabala, Sierra Leone|Kabala]], [[Sierra Leone]] in the 1960's.]]
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During breastfeeding [[nutrient]]s and [[Antibody|antibodies]] pass to the baby<ref name=CDC>{{cite web | title=Breastfeeding | work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | url=http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/ | accessdate=2007-01-23}}</ref> while it helps to strengthen the [[maternal bond]].<ref name=HHS>{{cite web | title=Benefits of Breastfeeding | work=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services | url=http://www.4woman.gov/breastfeeding/index.cfm?page=227 | accessdate=2007-01-23}}</ref>
Research has found many benefits to breastfeeding. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, ''et al'' |title=Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries |journal=Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep) |volume= |issue=153 |pages=1–186 |year=2007 |pmid=17764214 |doi=}}</ref> These include:
=== Superior nutrition ===
Breast milk has just the right amount of fat, sugar, water, and protein that is needed for a baby's growth and development.<ref name=HHS>{{cite web | title=Benefits of Breastfeeding | work=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services | url=http://www.4woman.gov/breastfeeding/index.cfm?page=227 | accessdate=2009-02-15}}</ref>
=== Greater immune health ===
Breast milk contains several anti-[[Infection|infective]] factors such as [[Bile salt dependent lipase|bile salt stimulated lipase]] (protecting against [[Amoeba|amoebic]] infections), [[lactoferrin]] (which binds to iron and inhibits the growth of [[Gut flora|intestinal bacteria]])<ref name="pmid10394490">{{cite journal |author=Kunz C, Rodriguez-Palmero M, Koletzko B, Jensen R |title=Nutritional and biochemical properties of human milk, Part I: General aspects, proteins, and carbohydrates |journal=Clin Perinatol |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=307–33 |year=1999 |pmid=10394490 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10394491">{{cite journal |author=Rodriguez-Palmero M, Koletzko B, Kunz C, Jensen R |title=Nutritional and biochemical properties of human milk: II. Lipids, micronutrients, and bioactive factors |journal=Clin Perinatol |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=335–59 |year=1999 |pmid=10394491 |doi=}}</ref> and [[immunoglobulin A]] protecting against [[microorganism]]s.<ref name="pmid6843632">{{cite journal |author=Glass RI, Svennerholm AM, Stoll BJ, ''et al'' |title=Protection against cholera in breast-fed children by antibodies in breast milk |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=308 |issue=23 |pages=1389–92 |year=1983 |pmid=6843632 |doi=}}</ref>
As breastfeeding can transmit [[HIV]] from mother to child, UNAIDS recommends avoidance of all breastfeeding where formula feeding is acceptable, feasible, affordable and safe.<ref>{{cite web | title = Nutrition and food security | url = http://www.unaids.org/en/PolicyAndPractice/CareAndSupport/NutrAndFoodSupport | accessdate = 2008-11-19 }}</ref> The qualifications are important. Some constituents of breast milk may protect from infection. High levels of certain [[polyunsaturated fatty acid]]s in breast milk (including eicosadienoic, [[arachidonic acid|arachidonic]] and [[gamma-Linolenic acid]]s) are associated with a reduced risk of child infection when nursed by HIV-positive mothers. Arachidonic acid and gamma-linolenic acid may also reduce [[viral shedding]] of the HIV virus in Breast milk.<ref name="pmid17823433">{{cite journal |author=Villamor E, Koulinska IN, Furtado J, ''et al'' |title=Long-chain n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast milk decrease the risk of HIV transmission through breastfeeding |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=682–9 |year=2007 |pmid=17823433 |doi=}}</ref> Due to this, in underdeveloped nations infant mortality rates are lower when HIV-positive mothers breastfeed their newborns than when they use infant formula. However, differences in infant mortality rates have not been reported in better resourced areas.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Hilderbrand K., Goemaere E., Coetzee E. |title=The prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission programme and infant feeding practices |journal=South African Medical Journal| volume=93|pages= 779–781|year=2003 }}</ref> Treating infants prophylactically with Lamivudine can help to decrease the transmission of HIV through mother to child. <ref>{{cite journal| author=Kilewo C., Karlsson, K., Massawe, A., Lyamuya, E., Swai,A., Mhalu, F., et al. | title=Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 through breast-feeding by treating infants prophylactically with lamivudine in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. |journal=Epidemiology and Social Science| volume=48|pages= 315–323|year=2008| unused_data=|. }}</ref>
=== Higher intelligence ===
Two initial studies suggest babies with a specific version of the [[FADS2]] gene demonstrated an [[IQ]] averaging 7 points higher if breastfed, compared with babies with a less common version of the gene who showed no improvement when breastfed. FADS2 affects the metabolism of fatty acids, such as [[docosahexaenoic acid|DHA]] and [[arachidonic acid|AA]], which are known to be linked to early brain development. Manufacturers of infant formula have been adding DHA and AA fatty acids to their products since this discovery over a decade ago. The researchers state, "further investigation to replicate and explain this specific gene–environment interaction is warranted," and have concluded, "Our findings support the idea that the nutritional content of breast milk accounts for the differences seen in human IQ. But it's not a simple all-or-none connection: it depends to some extent on the genetic makeup of each infant."<ref name="pmid17984066">{{cite journal |author=Caspi A, Williams B, Kim-Cohen J, ''et al'' |title=Moderation of breastfeeding effects on the IQ by genetic variation in fatty acid metabolism |journal=[[Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.]] |volume=104 |issue=47 |pages=18860–5 |year=2007 |pmid=17984066 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0704292104}}; [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/87775.php lay-summary]</ref>
Horwood, Darlow and Mogridge tested the [[intelligence quotient]] scores of low [[birthweight]] children at seven or eight years of age. Those who were breastfed for more than eight months had significantly higher intelligence quotient scores than comparable children breastfed for less time. They concluded, "These findings add to a growing body of evidence to suggest that breast milk feeding may have small long term benefits for child cognitive development." <ref name="pmid11124919">{{cite journal |author=Horwood LJ, Darlow BA, Mogridge N |title=Breast milk feeding and cognitive ability at 7-8 years |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=F23–7 |year=2001 |pmid=11124919| doi = 10.1136/fn.84.1.F23}}</ref>
=== Long term health effects ===
Infants exclusively breastfed have less chance of developing [[diabetes mellitus type 1]] than peers with a shorter duration of breastfeeding and an earlier exposure to cow milk and solid foods.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Perez-Bravo F, Carrasco E, Gutierrez-Lopez MD, Martinez MT, Lopez G, de los Rios MG |title=Genetic predisposition and environmental factors leading to the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Chilean children |journal=J. Mol. Med. |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=105–9 |year=1996 |pmid=8820406| doi = 10.1007/BF00196786}}</ref> Breastfeeding also appears to protect against [[diabetes mellitus type 2]],<ref name="pmid17093156">{{cite journal |author=Owen CG, Martin RM, Whincup PH, Smith GD, Cook DG |title=Does breastfeeding influence risk of type 2 diabetes in later life? A quantitative analysis of published evidence |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=84 |issue=5 |pages=1043–54 |year=2006 |pmid=17093156 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18071004">{{cite journal |author=Mayer-Davis EJ, Dabelea D, Lamichhane AP, ''et al'' |title=Breast-feeding and type 2 diabetes in the youth of three ethnic groups: the SEARCh for diabetes in youth case-control study |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=470–5 |year=2008 |pmid=18071004 |doi=10.2337/dc07-1321}}</ref> at least in part due to its effects on the child's weight.<ref name="pmid18071004"/>
Breastfeeding appears to reduce the risk of extreme [[obesity]] in children aged 39 to 42 months.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Armstrong J, Reilly JJ |title=Breastfeeding and lowering the risk of childhood obesity |journal=Lancet |volume=359 |issue=9322 |pages=2003–4 |year=2002 |pmid=12076560 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08837-2}}</ref> The protective effect of breastfeeding against obesity is consistent, though small, across many studies, and appears to increase with the duration of breastfeeding.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Arenz S, Rückerl R, Koletzko B, von Kries R |title=Breast-feeding and childhood obesity--a systematic review |journal=Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. |volume=28 |issue=10 |pages=1247–56 |year=2004 |pmid=15314625 |doi=10.1038/sj.ijo.0802758}}</ref>
In one study, breastfeeding did not appear to offer protection against [[Allergy|allergies]].{{Dubious|Allergies?|date=November 2008}}<ref name="pmid17855282">{{cite journal |author=Kramer MS, Matush L, Vanilovich I, ''et al'' |title=Effect of prolonged and exclusive breast feeding on risk of allergy and asthma: cluster randomised trial |journal=BMJ |volume=335 |issue=7624 |pages=815 |year=2007 |pmid=17855282 |doi=10.1136/bmj.39304.464016.AE}}</ref> However, another study showed breastfeeding to have lowered the risk of [[asthma]], protect against allergies{{Dubious|Allergies?|date=November 2008}}, and provide improved protection for babies against respiratory and intestinal infections.<ref name=Mead>{{cite journal |author= Mead MN |title= Contaminants in human milk: weighing the risks against the benefits of breastfeeding |journal= Environ Health Perspect |volume=116 |issue=10 |pages=A426–34 |year=2008 |pmid=18941560 |url=http://www.ehponline.org/members/2008/116-10/focus.html}}</ref>
A review of the association between breastfeeding and [[celiac disease]] (CD) concluded that breast feeding while introducing [[gluten]] to the diet reduced the risk of CD. The study was unable to determine if breastfeeding merely delayed symptoms or offered life-long protection.<ref name="pmid16287899">{{cite journal |author=Akobeng AK, Ramanan AV, Buchan I, Heller RF |title=Effect of breast feeding on risk of coeliac disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=39–43 |year=2006 |pmid=16287899 |doi=10.1136/adc.2005.082016}}</ref>
A study at the University of Wisconsin found that women who were breast fed in infancy may have a lower risk of developing [[පියයුරු පිළිකා]] than those who were not breast fed. <ref> [http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20080509/hl_nm/breast_cancer_risk_dc;_ylt=As0xHqZ608GeVJZXp0w89XGs0NUE] </ref>{{Verify credibility|Yahoo news is not a good source, please cite the paper|date=January 2009}}
=== Fewer urinary tract, diarrheal and middle ear infections ===
Breastfeeding reduced the risk of acquiring [[urinary tract infection]]s in infants up to seven months [[post-partum|of age]]. The protection was strongest immediately after birth, but was ineffective past seven months<ref name="pmid15046267">{{cite journal |author=Mårild S, Hansson S, Jodal U, Odén A, Svedberg K |title=Protective effect of breastfeeding against urinary tract infection |journal=Acta Paediatr. |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=164–8 |year=2004 |pmid=15046267 |doi=10.1080/08035250310007402}}</ref> Breastfeeding appears to reduce symptoms of [[upper respiratory tract infections]] in premature infants up to seven months after release from hospital.<ref name="pmid12082468">{{cite journal |author=Blaymore Bier JA, Oliver T, Ferguson A, Vohr BR |title=Human milk reduces outpatient upper respiratory symptoms in premature infants during their first year of life |journal=J Perinatol |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=354–9 |year=2002 |pmid=12082468 |doi=10.1038/sj.jp.7210742}}</ref> A longer period of breastfeeding is associated with a shorter duration of some middle ear infections ([[Otitis media#Otitis media with effusion|otitis media with effusion]], OME) in the first two years of life. The researches concluded, "For a decrease in the amount of time with OME during the first 2 years of life, prolonged breast-feeding and upright feeding position should be encouraged, and cigarette smoke exposure should be minimized. Limiting early child care in large groups might also be advisable.".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Owen MJ, Baldwin CD, Swank PR, Pannu AK, Johnson DL, Howie VM |title=Relation of infant feeding practices, cigarette smoke exposure, and group child care to the onset and duration of otitis media with effusion in the first two years of life |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=123 |issue=5 |pages=702–11 |year=1993 |pmid=8229477 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3476(05)80843-1}}</ref> Another study found that breastfed babies had half the incidence of diarrheal illness, 19% fewer cases of any [[otitis media]] infection and 80% fewer prolonged cases of otitis media than formula fed babies in the first twelve months of life.<ref name="pmid7751991">{{cite journal |author=Dewey KG, Heinig MJ, Nommsen-Rivers LA |title=Differences in morbidity between breast-fed and formula-fed infants |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=126 |issue=5 Pt 1 |pages=696–702 |year=1995 |pmid=7751991 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3476(95)70395-0}}</ref>
=== Less tendency to develop allergic diseases (atopy) ===
In children who are at risk for developing allergic diseases (defined as at least one parent or sibling having [[atopy]]), atopic syndrome can be prevented or delayed through exclusive breastfeeding for four months, though these benefits may not be present after four months of age. <ref name="pmid18166574">{{cite journal |author=Greer FR, Sicherer SH, Burks AW |title=Effects of early nutritional interventions on the development of atopic disease in infants and children: the role of maternal dietary restriction, breastfeeding, timing of introduction of complementary foods, and hydrolyzed formulas |journal=[[Pediatrics]] |volume=121 |issue=1 |pages=183–91 |year=2008 |pmid=18166574 |doi=10.1542/peds.2007-3022}}</ref> However, the key factor may be the age at which non-breastmilk is introduced rather than duration of breastfeeding.<ref name="pmid10496824">{{cite journal |author=Oddy WH, Holt PG, Sly PD, ''et al'' |title=Association between breast feeding and asthma in 6 year old children: findings of a prospective birth cohort study |journal=BMJ |volume=319 |issue=7213 |pages=815–9 |year=1999 |pmid=10496824 |doi=}}</ref> [[Atopic dermatitis]], the most common form of [[eczema]], can be reduced through exclusive breastfeeding beyond 12 weeks in individuals with a family history of atopy, but when breastfeeding beyond 12 weeks is combined with other foods incidents of eczema rise irrespective of family history.<ref name="pmid6734490">{{cite journal |author=Pratt HF |title=Breastfeeding and eczema |journal=Early Hum. Dev. |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=283–90 |year=1984 |pmid=6734490| doi = 10.1016/0378-3782(84)90039-2}}</ref>
=== Less necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants ===
[[Necrotizing enterocolitis]] (NEC), is an acute inflammatory disease in the intestines of infants. Necrosis or death of intestinal tissue may follow. It is mainly found in [[premature birth]]s. In one study of 926 preterm infants, NEC developed in 51 infants (5.5%). The death rate from necrotizing enterocolitis was 26%. NEC was found to be six to ten times more common in infants fed formula exclusively, and three times more common in infants fed a mixture of breast milk and formula, compared with exclusive breastfeeding. In infants born at more than 30 weeks, NC was twenty times more common in infants fed exclusively on formula.<ref name="pmid1979363">{{cite journal |author=Lucas A, Cole TJ |title=Breast milk and neonatal necrotising enterocolitis |journal=Lancet |volume=336 |issue=8730 |pages=1519–23 |year=1990 |pmid=1979363| doi = 10.1016/0140-6736(90)93304-8}}</ref>
=== More easily aroused from sleep ===
Breastfed babies have better arousal from sleep at 2-3 months. This coincides with the peak incidence of [[sudden infant death syndrome]].<ref name="pmid14709496">{{cite journal |author=Horne RS, Parslow PM, Ferens D, Watts AM, Adamson TM |title=Comparison of evoked arousability in breast and formula fed infants |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. |volume=89 |issue=1 |pages=22–5 |year=2004 |pmid=14709496 |doi=}}</ref>
== මවට ලැබෙන වාසි ==
[[ගොනුව:Zanzibar 31.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Zanzibar]]i woman breastfeeding]]
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Breastfeeding is a cost effective way of feeding an infant, and provides the best nourishment for a child at a small nutrient cost to the mother. Frequent and exclusive breastfeeding can delay the return of fertility through [[lactational amenorrhea method|lactational amenorrhea]], though breastfeeding is an imperfect means of [[birth control]]. During breastfeeding beneficial [[hormone]]s are released into the mother's body.<ref name=CDC /> and the maternal bond can be strengthened.<ref name=HHS /> Breastfeeding is possible throughout [[pregnancy]], but generally milk production will be reduced at some point.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Feldman S | title = Nursing Through Pregnancy | journal = New Beginnings | volume = 17 | issue = 4 | pages = pp. 116–118, 145 | publisher = La Leche League International |date=July-August 2000 | url = http://www.lalecheleague.org/NB/NBJulAug00p116.html | accessdate = 2007-03-15}}</ref>
=== දීර්ඝ කාලීන සෞඛ්ය ===
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A recent study indicates long duration of lactation (at least 24 months) is associated with a reduced risk of heart disease in women.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gunderson, Erica P. |title=Prospective evidence that lactation protects against cardiovascular disease in women |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology |volume=200 |issue=2 |pages=119–120 |year=February, 2009 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2008.10.001}}</ref> Breastfeeding mothers also have less risk of [[Endometrial cancer|endometrial]],<ref name=Rosenblatt>{{cite journal |author=Rosenblatt K, Thomas D |title=Prolonged lactation and endometrial cancer. WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives |journal=Int J Epidemiol |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=499–503 |year=1995 |pmid=7672888}}</ref><ref name=Newcomb>{{cite journal |author=Newcomb P, Trentham-Dietz A |title=Breast feeding practices in relation to endometrial cancer risk, USA |journal=Cancer Causes Control |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=663–7 |year=2000 |pmid = 10977111 |doi=10.1023/A:1008978624266}}</ref> and [[ovarian cancer]],<ref name=Gartner_2005 /><ref name=HHS /> and [[osteoporosis]],<ref name=Gartner_2005 /><ref name=HHS /> and breast cancer.
Mothers who breastfeed longer than eight months also benefit from bone re-mineralisation<ref name="MeltonIII_1993">
{{cite journal | author = Melton III L | coauthors = Bryant S, Wahner H, O'Fallon W, Malkasian G, Judd H, Riggs B | title = Influence of breastfeeding and other reproductive factors on bone mass later in life | journal = Osteoporosis International | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 76 | publisher = Springer | location = London |month=March | year=1993 | doi = 10.1007/BF01623377 | pmid = 8453194}}</ref> and breastfeeding [[Diabetes|diabetic]] mothers require less insulin.<ref name=Rayburn_1985>{{cite journal |author=Rayburn W, Piehl E, Lewis E, Schork A, Sereika S, Zabrensky K |title=Changes in insulin therapy during pregnancy |journal=Am J Perinatol |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=271–5 |year=1985 |pmid = 3902039 |doi=10.1055/s-2007-999968}}</ref> Breastfeeding helps stabilize maternal [[endometriosis]],<ref name=Gartner_2005 /> reduces the risk of post-partum [[bleeding]]<ref name=Chua /> and benefits the [[insulin]] levels for mothers with [[polycystic ovary syndrome]].<ref name=Maliqueo>{{cite journal |author=Sir-Petermann T, Devoto L, Maliqueo M, Peirano P, Recabarren S, Wildt L |title=Resumption of ovarian function during lactational amenorrhoea in breastfeeding women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: endocrine aspects |journal=Hum Reprod |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=1603–10 |year=2001 |url=http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/16/8/1598 | pmid = 11473950 | doi = 10.1093/humrep/16.8.1603}}</ref>
Women who breast feed for longer have less chance of getting rheumatoid arthritis, a Malmo University study published online ahead of print in the Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases suggested (See [http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/540605/ Women Who Breast Feed for More than a Year Halve Their Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis]). The study also found that taking oral contraceptives, which are suspected to protect against the disease because they contain hormones that are raised in pregnancy, did not have the same effect. Simply having children but not breast feeding also did not seem to be protective.
=== බැඳීම ===
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The hormones released during breastfeeding strengthen the [[maternal bond]]. Teaching partners how to manage common difficulties is associated with higher breastfeeding rates.<ref name="Piscane">{{cite journal |author=Pisacane A, Continisio GI, Aldinucci M, D'Amora S, Continisio P |title=A controlled trial of the father's role in breastfeeding promotion |journal=Pediatrics |volume=116 |issue=4 |pages=e494–8 |year=2005 |pmid=16199676 |doi=10.1542/peds.2005-0479 |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16199676}}</ref> Support for a mother while breastfeeding can assist in [[human bonding|familial bonds]] and help build a [[paternal bond]] between father and child.<ref name="isbn0897898338 ">{{cite book |author=Van Willigen, John; John van Willigen |title=Applied anthropology: an introduction |publisher=Bergin & Garvey |location=New York |year=2002 |pages= |isbn=0897898338 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref>
If the mother is away, an alternative caregiver may be able to feed the baby with expressed breast milk. The various [[breast pump]]s available for sale and rent help working mothers to feed their babies breast milk for as long as they want. To be successful, the mother must produce and store enough milk to feed the child for the time she is away, and the feeding caregiver must be comfortable in handling breast milk.
=== හෝමෝන කිදහස්වීම ===
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Breastfeeding releases [[oxytocin]] and [[prolactin]], hormones that relax the mother and make her feel more nurturing toward her baby.<ref name=Dettwyler_1995>{{cite book | author=[[Katherine A. Dettwyler|Dettwyler K]] | coauthors=Stuart-Macadam P | title = Breastfeeding: Biocultural Perspectives | pages = p. 131 | publisher = Aldine Transaction | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-0-202-01192-9 }}</ref> Breastfeeding soon after giving birth increases the mother's oxytocin levels, making her uterus contract more quickly and reducing bleeding. Oxytocin is similar to pitocin, a synthetic hormone used to make the uterus contract.<ref name=Chua>{{cite journal |author=Chua S, Arulkumaran S, Lim I, Selamat N, Ratnam S |title=Influence of breastfeeding and nipple stimulation on postpartum uterine activity |journal=Br J Obstet Gynaecol |volume=101 |issue=9 |pages=804–5 |year=1994 |pmid=7947531}}</ref>
=== බර අඩුවීම ===
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As the fat accumulated during pregnancy is used to produce milk, extended breastfeeding—at least 6 months—can help mothers lose weight.<ref name=Dewey>{{cite journal |author=Dewey K, Heinig M, Nommsen L |title=Maternal weight-loss patterns during prolonged lactation |journal=Am J Clin Nutr |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=162–6 |year=1993 |pmid = 8338042}}</ref> However, weight loss is highly variable among lactating women, and diet and exercise are more reliable ways of losing weight.<ref name=Lovelady>{{cite journal |author=Lovelady C, Garner K, Moreno K, Williams J |title=The effect of weight loss in overweight, lactating women on the growth of their infants |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=342 |issue=7 |pages=449–53 |year=2000 |pmid=10675424 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM200002173420701}}</ref>
=== Natural postpartum infertility ===
A breastfeeding woman may not [[ovulate]], or have regular periods, during the entire lactation period. The period in which ovulation is absent differs for each woman. This [[Lactational amenorrhea]] has been used as an imperfect form of natural contraception, with a greater than 98% effectiveness during the first six months after birth if specific nursing behaviors are followed.<ref name=Price_&Robinson_2004> {{cite book | author=Price C | coauthors=Robinson S | title=Birth: Conceiving, Nuturing and Giving Birth to Your Baby | pages = p. 489 | publisher=McMillan | year = 2004 | isbn = 1-4050-3612-5}}</ref> It is possible for some women to ovulate within two months after birth while fully breastfeeding.
== Organisational endorsements ==
=== World Health Organization ===
{{cquote|[the] vast majority of mothers can and should breastfeed, just as vast majority of infants can and should be breastfed. Only under exceptional circumstances can a mother's milk be considered as unsuitable for her infant. For those few health situations where infants cannot, or should not, be breastfed, the choice of the best alternative - expressed milk from the infant's own mother, breast milk from a healthy wet-nurse or a human-milk bank, or a breast milk substitute fed with a cup, which is a safer method than a feeding bottle or a teat - depends on individual circumstances. <ref name=Who2003>{{cite web | title = Infant and young child nutrition: Global strategy for infant and young child feeding | journal = Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization | url = http://www.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB109/eeb10912.pdf | format = pdf | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | date = 2001-11-24 | accessdate = 2008-03-13}}</ref> }}
The WHO recommends at least two years of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life. Breastfeeding should continue after two years of life as long as mutually desired by mother and child.
=== American Academy of Pediatrics ===
{{cquote|Extensive research, especially in recent years, documents diverse and compelling advantages to infants, mothers, families, and society from breastfeeding and the use of human milk for infant feeding. These include health, nutritional, immunologic, developmental, psychological, social, economic, and environmental benefits.<ref name="Gartner_2005" />}}
AAP recommends at least one year of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life. Breastfeeding should continue after two years of life as long as mutually desired by mother and child.
== මවුකිරිදීමේ විවිධත්වය ==
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{{මූලික|Breastfeeding complications}}
While breastfeeding is a natural human activity, difficulties are not uncommon. Putting the baby to the breast as soon as possible after the birth helps to avoid many problems. The AAP breastfeeding policy says: ''Delay weighing, measuring, bathing, needle-sticks, and eye prophylaxis until after the first feeding is completed.''<ref name="Gartner_2005" /> Many breastfeeding difficulties can be resolved with proper hospital procedures, properly trained midwives, doctors and hospital staff, and lactation consultants.<ref name="Newman_2000">{{cite book | author = Newman J | authorlink = Jack Newman (doctor) | coauthors = Pitman T | title = Dr. Jack Newman's guide to breastfeeding | publisher = HarperCollins Publishers |year=2000 | isbn = 0006385680}}</ref> There are some situations in which breastfeeding may be harmful to the infant, including infection with [[HIV]] and acute poisoning by environmental contaminants such as lead.<ref name=Mead/> Rarely, a mother may not be able to produce breastmilk because of a prolactin deficiency. This may be caused by Sheehan's syndrome, an uncommon result of a sudden drop in blood pressure during childbirth typically due to hemorrhaging. In developed countries, many working mothers do not breast feed their children due to work pressures. For example, a mother may need to schedule for frequent pumping breaks, and find a clean, private and quiet place at work for pumping. These inconveniences may cause mothers to give up on breast feeding and use infant formula instead.
== ළදරුවන්ගේ බර ==
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Breastfed infants generally gain weight according to the following guidelines:
:0–4 months: 170 grams per week<sup>†</sup>
:4–6 months: 113–142 grams per week
:6–12 months: 57–113 grams per week
:<small><sup>†</sup> It is acceptable for some babies to gain 113–142 grams (4–5 ounces) per week. This average is taken from the lowest weight, not the birth weight.</small>
The average breastfed baby doubles its birth weight in 5–6 months. By one year, a typical breastfed baby will weigh about 2½ times its birth weight. At one year, breastfed babies tend to be leaner than bottle fed babies.<ref name="Sears">{{cite web | title = Weight gain (Growth patterns) | publisher = AskDrSears.com | url = http://www.askdrsears.com/html/2/T023600.asp | accessdate = 2007-04-03 }}</ref> By two years, differences in weight gain and growth between breastfed and formula-fed babies are no longer evident.<ref name=Mohrbacher_2003>{{cite book | last= Mohrbacher | first= Nancy |coauthor=Stock, Julie | title = The Breastfeeding Answer Book | edition = 3rd ed. (revised) | publisher = La Leche League International | year = 2003 | isbn = 0-912500-92-1 }}</ref>;
== Methods and considerations ==
There are many books and videos to advise mothers about breastfeeding. [[Lactation consultant]]s in hospitals or private practice, and volunteer organisations of breastfeeding mothers such as [[La Leche League]] also provide advice and support.
=== Early breastfeeding ===
In the half hour after birth, the baby's suckling reflex is strongest, and the baby is more alert, so it is the ideal time to start breastfeeding. <ref>Widstrom AM, Wahlberg V, Matthiesen AS, Eneroth P, Uvnas-Moberg K, Werner S, et al. Short-term effects of early suckling and touch of the nipple on maternal behavior. Early Hum Dev 1990; 21:153-63. </ref>. Early breast-feeding is associated with fewer nighttime feeding problems <ref>Renfrew MJ, Lang S. Early versus delayed initiation of breastfeeding. In: The Cochrane Library [on CD-ROM]. Oxford: Update Software;1998. </ref>
=== Time and place for breastfeeding ===
Breastfeeding at least every two to three hours helps to maintain milk production. For most women, eight breastfeeding or pumping sessions every 24 hours keeps their milk production high.<ref name=Gartner_2005 /> Newborn babies may feed more often than this: 10 to 12 breastfeeding sessions every 24 hours is common, and some may even feed 18 times a day.<ref name = patient_uk>{{cite web|url = http://www.patient.co.uk/showdoc/40002328/|title = Infant feeding – Breast or bottle and how to breast feed|accessdate = 2007-05-26}} </ref> Feeding a baby "on demand" (sometimes referred to as "on cue"), means feeding when the baby shows signs of [[hunger]]; feeding this way rather than by the clock helps to maintain milk production and ensure the baby's needs for milk and comfort are being met.<ref name=WHO_breastfeeding /> However, it may be important to recognize whether a baby is truly hungry, as breastfeeding too frequently may mean the child receives a disproportionately high amount of foremilk, and not enough hindmilk.<ref name=Livingstone>{{cite video | people = V Livingstone | title = The Art of Successful Breastfeeding | medium = VHS | publisher = New Vision Media Ltd. | location = Vancouver, BC, Canada | date = }}</ref>.
"Experienced breastfeeding mothers learn that the sucking patterns and needs of babies vary. While some infants' sucking needs are met primarily during feedings, other babies may need additional sucking at the breast soon after a feeding even though they are not really hungry. Babies may also nurse when they are lonely, frightened or in pain.[http://www.llli.org/NB/LVAprMay98p21NB.html]"
"Comforting and meeting sucking needs at the breast is nature's original design. Pacifiers (dummies, soothers) are a substitute for the mother when she can't be available. Other reasons to pacify a baby primarily at the breast include superior oral-facial development, prolonged lactational amenorrhea, avoidance of nipple confusion and stimulation of an adequate milk supply to ensure higher rates of breastfeeding success.[http://www.llli.org/NB/LVAprMay98p21NB.html]"
[[ගොනුව:HRBassinet.JPG|thumb|rith|150px|Rooming-in bassinet]]
Most US states now have laws that allow a mother to breastfeed her baby anywhere she is allowed to be. In hospitals, [[wikt:rooming-in care|rooming-in care]] permits the baby to stay with the mother and improves the ease of breastfeeding. Some commercial establishments provide breastfeeding rooms, although laws generally specify that mothers may breastfeed anywhere, without requiring them to go to a special area.
=== Latching on, feeding and positioning ===
{{howto|date=September 2008}}
Correct positioning and technique for latching
on can prevent nipple soreness and allow the baby to
obtain enough milk. <ref name=SearsBF>{{cite web |url=http://www.askdrsears.com/html/2/T021000.asp |title=Proper positioning and latch-on skills |accessdate=2008-09-24 |work= |publisher=AskDrSears.com |year=2006 }}</ref> The "rooting reflex" is the baby's natural tendency to turn towards the breast with the mouth open wide; mothers sometimes make
use of this by gently stroking the baby's cheek
or lips with their nipple in order to induce the
baby to move into position for a breastfeeding session, then quickly moving baby onto the breast while baby's mouth is wide open. <ref name=naturalbirth>[http://www.naturalbirthandbabycare.com/latch-on.html Natural Birth and Baby Care.com]</ref> In order to prevent
nipple soreness and allow the baby to get enough milk, a large part of the breast and areola need to enter the baby's mouth.<ref name=SearsBF/><ref name="CHSD">{{cite web | title = Breastfeeding Guidelines | publisher = Rady Children's Hospital San Diego | url = http://www.chsd.org/1438.cfm | accessdate = 2007-03-04 }}</ref> To help the baby [[wikt:latch on|latch on]] well, tickle the baby's top lip with the nipple, wait until the baby's mouth opens wide, then bring the baby up towards the nipple quickly, so that the baby has a mouthful of nipple and [[areola]]. The nipple should be at the back of the baby's throat, with the baby's tongue lying flat in its mouth. [[inverted nipple|Inverted or flat nipples]] can be massaged so that the baby will have more to latch onto. Resist the temptation to move towards the baby, as this can lead to poor attachment.
Pain in the nipple or breast is linked to incorrect breastfeeding techniques. Failure to latch on is one of the main reasons for ineffective feeding and can lead to infant health concerns. A 2006 study found that inadequate parental education, incorrect breastfeeding techniques, or both were associated with higher rates of preventable hospital admissions in newborns.<ref name=Paul_2006>{{cite journal |author=Paul I, Lehman E, Hollenbeak C, Maisels M |title=Preventable newborn readmissions since passage of the Newborns' and Mothers' Health Protection Act |journal=Pediatrics |volume=118 |issue=6 |pages=2349–58 |year=2006 |pmid=17142518 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2006-2043}}</ref>
The baby may pull away from the nipple after a few minutes or after a much longer period of time. Normal feeds at the breast can last a few sucks (newborns), from 10 to 20 minutes or even longer (on demand). Sometimes, after the finishing of a breast, the mother may offer the other breast.
While most women breastfeed their child in the [[wikt:cradling|cradling]] position, there are many ways to hold the feeding baby. It depends on the mother and child's comfort and the feeding preference of the baby. Some babies prefer one breast to the other, but the mother should offer both breasts at every nursing with her newborn.
When tandem breastfeeding, the mother is unable to move the baby from one breast to another and comfort can be more of an issue. As tandem breastfeeding brings extra strain to the arms, especially as the babies grow, many mothers of twins recommend the use of more supporting pillows.
=== Exclusive breastfeeding ===
[[ගොනුව:Human Breastmilk - Foremilk and Hindmilk.png|thumb|250px|Two 25ml samples of human breast milk. The left hand sample is foremilk, the watery milk coming from a full breast. The right hand sample is hindmilk, the creamy milk coming from a nearly empty breast. <ref> http://www.drpaul.com/breastfeeding/colostrum.html </ref>]]
Exclusive breastfeeding is when an infant receives no other food or drink besides breast milk.<ref name="WHO_breastfeeding" /> National and international guidelines recommend that all infants be breastfed exclusively for the first six months of life. Breastfeeding may continue with the addition of appropriate foods, for two years or more. Exclusive breastfeeding has dramatically reduced infant deaths in developing countries by reducing [[diarrhea]] and [[infectious disease]]s. It has also been shown to reduce HIV transmission from mother to child, compared to mixed feeding.
Exclusively breastfed infants feed anywhere from 6 to 14 times a day. Newborns consume from 30 to 90 ml (1 to 3 US fluid ounces). After the age of four weeks, babies consume about 120ml (4 US fluid ounces) per feed. Each baby is different, but as it grows the amount will increase. It is important to recognize the baby's hunger signs. It is assumed that the baby knows how much milk it needs and it is therefore advised that the baby should dictate the number, frequency, and length of each feed. The supply of milk from the breast is determined by the number and length of these feeds or the amount of milk expressed. The [[birth weight]] of the baby may affect its feeding habits, and mothers may be influenced by what they perceive its requirements to be. For example, a baby born small for gestational age may lead a mother to believe that her child needs to feed more than if it larger; they should, however, go by the demands of the baby rather than what they feel is necessary.
While it can be hard to measure how much food a breastfed baby consumes, babies normally feed to meet their own requirements.<ref name="Iwinski_2006">{{Citation | author = Iwinski S | title = Is Weighing Baby to Measure Milk Intake a Good Idea? | journal = LEAVEN | volume = 42 | issue = 3 |date=2006 | pages = 51–3 | url = http://www.lalecheleague.org/llleaderweb/LV/LVJulAugSep06p51.html | accessdate = 2007-04-08 }}</ref> Babies that fail to eat enough may exhibit symptoms of [[failure to thrive]]. If necessary, it is possible to estimate feeding from wet and soiled nappies (diapers): 8 wet cloth or 5–6 wet disposable, and 2–5 soiled per 24 hours suggests an acceptable amount of input for newborns older than 5–6 days old. After 2–3 months, stool frequency is a less accurate measure of adequate input as some normal infants may go up to 10 days between stools. Babies can also be weighed before and after feeds.
=== මවු කිරි පිළිබද විග්රහ ===
[[ගොනුව:Manual Breast Pump 2005 SeanMcClean.jpg|thumb|right|120px|Manual breast pump]]
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When direct breastfeeding is not possible, a mother can ''express'' (artificially remove and store) her milk. With manual massage or using a [[breast pump]], a woman can express her milk and keep it in freezer storage bags, a [[supplemental nursing system]], or a [[baby bottle|bottle]] ready for use. Breast milk may be kept at [[room temperature]] for up to ten hours, refrigerated for up to eight days or frozen for up to four to six months. Research suggests that the antioxidant activity in expressed breast milk decreases over time but it still remains at higher levels than in infant formula.<ref name="Hanna_2004">{{cite journal | author = Hanna N | coauthor = Ahmed K, Anwar N, Petrova A, M Hiatt M, Hegyi T | title = Effect of storage on breast milk antioxidant activity | journal = Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed | volume = 89 | issue = 6 | pages = pp. F518–20 | publisher = BMJ Publishing Group Ltd |month=November | year=2004 | doi = 10.1136/adc.2004.049247 | pmid = 15499145}}</ref>
Expressing breast milk can maintain a mother's milk supply when she and her child are apart. If a sick baby is unable to feed, expressed milk can be fed through a [[nasogastric tube]].
Expressed milk can also be used when a mother is having trouble breastfeeding, such as when a newborn causes grazing and bruising. If an older baby bites the nipple, the mother's reaction - a jump and a cry of pain - is usually enough to discourage the child from biting again.
"Exclusively Expressing", "Exclusively pumping" and "EPing" are terms for a mother who feeds her baby exclusively on her breastmilk while not physically breastfeeding. This may arise because her baby is unable or unwilling to latch on to the breast. With good pumping habits, particularly in the first 12 weeks when the milk supply is being established, it is possible to produce enough milk to feed the baby for as long as the mother wishes. Kellymom [http://www.kellymom.com/bf/pumping/bf-links-excpumping.html] has a page of links relating to exclusive pumping.
It is generally advised to delay using a bottle to feed expressed breast milk until the baby is 4-6 weeks old and is good at sucking directly from the breast.<ref name="Eisenberg_1989">{{cite book | author = Arlene Eisenberg | title = What to Expect the First Year | publisher = Workman Publishing Company |year=1989 | pages = | isbn = 0894805770}}</ref> As sucking from a bottle takes less effort, babies can lose their desire to suck from the breast. This is called ''nursing strike'' or ''nipple confusion''. To avoid this when feeding expressed breast milk (EBM) before 4-6 weeks of age, it is recommended that breast milk be given by other means such as feeding spoons or feeding cups. Also, EBM should be given by someone other than the breastfeeding mother (or wet nurse), so that the baby can learn to associate direct feeding with the mother (or wet nurse) and associate bottle feeding with other people.{{Fact|date=April 2007}}
Some women donate their expressed breast milk (EBM) to others, either directly or through a [[Human milk banking in North America|milk bank]]. Though historically the use of [[wet nurse]]s was common, some women dislike the idea of feeding their own child with another woman's milk; others appreciate being able to give their baby the benefits of breast milk. Feeding expressed breast milk—either from donors or the baby's own mother—is the feeding method of choice for premature babies.<ref name="Spatz_2006">{{cite journal |author=Spatz D |title=State of the science: use of human milk and breast-feeding for vulnerable infants |journal=J Perinat Neonatal Nurs |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=51–5 |year=2006 |pmid=16508463}}</ref> The transmission of some [[viral disease]]s through breastfeeding can be prevented by expressing breast milk and subjecting it to Holder [[pasteurisation]].<ref name="pmid11847831">{{cite journal |author=Tully DB, Jones F, Tully MR |title=Donor milk: what's in it and what's not |journal=[[J Hum Lact]] |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=152–5 |year=2001 |pmid=11847831 |doi= 10.1177/089033440101700212|url=http://jhl.sagepub.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11847831}}</ref>
=== දෙතුන් දෙනකුට එකවර මවුකිරිදීම ===
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Feeding two children at the same time is called ''tandem breastfeeding'' The most common reason for tandem breastfeeding is the birth of [[twin]]s, although women with closely spaced children can and do continue to nurse the older as well as the younger. As the appetite and feeding habits of each baby may not be the same, this could mean feeding each according to their own individual needs, and can also include breastfeeding them together, one on each breast.
In cases of [[multiple birth|triplets or more]], it is a challenge for a mother to organize feeding around the appetites of all the babies. While breasts can respond to the demand and produce large quantities of milk, it is common for women to use alternatives. However, some mothers have been able to breastfeed triplets successfully <ref name="Grunberg_1992">{{cite journal | author = Grunberg R | title = Breastfeeding multiples: Breastfeeding triplets | journal = New Beginnings | year = 1992 | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 135–6 | url= http://www.lalecheleague.org/NB/NBSepOct92p135.html }}</ref><ref name=ABA>Australian Breastfeeding Association: [http://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/higher.html Breastfeeding triplets, quads and higher] </ref>
<ref name="Brown,S">Association of Radical Midwives: [http://www.radmid.demon.co.uk/tripletsbf.htm Breastfeeding triplets]</ref>.
Tandem breastfeeding may also occur when a woman has a baby while breastfeeding an older child. During the late stages of pregnancy the milk will change to colostrum, and some older nurslings will continue to feed even with this change, while others may wean due to the change in taste or drop in supply. Feeding a child while being pregnant with another can also be considered a form of tandem feeding for the nursing mother, as she also provides the nutrition for two.<ref name="Flower_2003">{{cite book | author = Flower H | title = Adventures in Tandem Nursing: Breastfeeding During Pregnancy and Beyond | publisher = La Leche League International | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0912500973}}</ref>
=== විස්තෘත මවුකිරි දීම ===
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Breastfeeding past two years is called ''extended breastfeeding'' or "sustained breastfeeding" by supporters and those outside the U.S.<ref>{{cite web | author = La Leche League International | title = Report from the Board: Update from the LLLI Board of Directors | publisher = LLL | url = http://lalecheleague.org/llleaderweb/LV/LVAprMay03p26.html | accessdate = 2007-08-02}}</ref> Supporters of extended breastfeeding believe that all the benefits of human milk, nutritional, immunological and emotional, continue for as long as a child nurses. Often the older child will nurse infrequently or sporadically as a way of bonding with the mother.{{Fact|date=January 2008}}
=== බෙදාගත් මවුකිරිදීම ===
{{මූලික|කිරි මව}}
{{empty section}}
It used to be common worldwide, and still is in [[developing nation]]s such as those in [[Africa]], for more than one woman to breastfeed a child. Shared breastfeeding is a risk factor for [[HIV]] infection in infants.<ref>{{cite news | author = Alcorn K | title = Shared breastfeeding identified as new risk factor for HIV | publisher = Aidsmap |date=2004-08-24 | url = http://www.aidsmap.com/en/news/72E08565-12B7-43CF-A71E-7A57292B30DF.asp | accessdate = 2007-04-10 }}</ref> A woman who is engaged to breastfeed another's baby is known as a [[wet nurse]]. [[Islam]] has [[Milk brother#Siblings through breast feeding|codified the relationship]] between this woman and the infants she nurses, and also between the infants when they grow up, so that milk siblings are considered as blood siblings and [[mahram|cannot marry]]. Shared breastfeeding can incur strong negative reactions in the [[Anglosphere]]<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,1983285,00.html Guardian Unlimited: Not your mother's milk] </ref>; American feminist activist [[Jennifer Baumgardner]] has written about her experiences in [[New York]] with this issue<ref>Jennifer Baumgardner, ''Breast Friends'', [http://www.babble.com/content/articles/features/personalessays/baumgardner/breastfriends/ Babble], 2007</ref>.
=== අතිරේක ආහාර හඳුන්වාදීම (Weaning) ===
{{empty section}}
Weaning is the process of introducing the infant to other food and reducing the supply of breast milk. The infant is fully weaned when it no longer receives any breast milk. Most mammals stop producing the [[enzyme]] [[lactase]] at the end of weaning, and become [[lactose intolerant]]. Many humans have a mutation that allows the production of lactase throughout life and so can drink milk - usually cow or goat milk - well beyond infancy.<ref>[http://www.aafp.org/afp/20020501/1845.html http://www.aafp.org/afp/20020501/1845.html] ''Aapf.org'' </ref>
In the past, [[bromocriptine]] was sometimes used to reduce the [[Breast engorgement|engorgement]] experienced by many women during weaning. However, it was discovered that when used for this purpose, this medication posed serious health risks to women, such as [[stroke]], and the [[U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] withdrew this indication for the drug in 1994.<ref>[http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/ANS00594.html http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/ANS00594.html] ''FDA.gov'' </ref>
== මවුකිරි දීමේ ඉතිහාසය ==
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[[ගොනුව:Debret37.jpg|thumbnail|right|250px|''Famille d’un Chef Camacan se préparant pour une Fête'' ("Family of a Camacan chief preparing for a Festival") by [[Jean-Baptiste Debret]] shows a woman breastfeeding a child in the background.]]
{{මූලික|History of breastfeeding}}
For hundreds of thousands of years, humans, like all other mammals, fed their young milk. Before the twentieth century, alternatives to breastfeeding were rare. Attempts in 15th century Europe to use cow or goat milk were not very positive. In the 18th century, flour or cereal mixed with broth were introduced as substitutes for breastfeeding, but this did not have a favorable outcome, either. True commercial [[infant formula]]s appeared on the market in the mid 19th Century but their use did not become widespread until after [[දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය|WWII]]. As the superior qualities of breast milk became better-established in medical literature, breastfeeding rates have increased and countries have enacted measures to protect the rights of infants and mothers to breastfeed.
== මවුකිරි දීමේ සමාජ විද්යාත්මක පදනම ==
{{Shorten}}
Researchers have found several social factors that correlate with differences in initiation, frequency, and duration of breastfeeding practices of mothers. Race, ethnic differences and socioeconomic status and other factors have been shown to affect a mother’s choice whether or not to breastfeed and how long she breastfeeds her child.
* '''ජාතිය හා සංස්කෘතිය'''
* '''ජාතිය හා සංස්කෘතිය''' Singh et al also found that African American women are less likely than white women of similar socioeconomic status to breastfeed and Hispanic women are more likely to breastfeed. The Center of Disease Control used information from the National Immunization Survey to determine the proportion of Caucasian and African American children that were ever breast fed. They found that 71.5% of Caucasians had breastfed their child while only 50.1% of African Americans had. At six months of age this fell to 53.9% of Caucasian mothers and 43.2% of African American mothers who were still breastfeeding.{{Fact|date=January 2009}}
* '''ආදායම'''
* '''ආදායම''' Deborah L. Dee's research found that women and children who qualify for [[Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children|WIC]], Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children were among those who were least likely to initiate breastfeeding. Income level can also contribute to women discontinuing breastfeeding early. More highly educated women are more likely to have access to information regarding difficulties with breastfeeding, allowing them to continue breastfeeding through difficulty rather than weaning early. Women in higher status jobs are more likely to have access to a lactation room and suffer less social stigma from having to breastfeed or express breastmilk at work. In addition, women who are unable to take an extended leave from work following the birth of their child are less likely to continue breastfeeding when they return to work.{{Fact|date=January 2009}}
* '''වෙනත් සාධක'''
* '''වෙනත් සාධක''' Other factors they found to have an effect on breastfeeding are “household composition, metropolitan/non-metropolitan residence, parental education, household income or poverty status, neighborhood safety, familial support, maternal physical activity, and household smoking status.”{{Fact|date=January 2009}}
== මේවාත් බලන්න ==
* [[Baby-friendly hospital]]
* [[Baby-led weaning]]
* [[Breast shell]]
* [[Dairy allergy]]
* [[Erotic lactation]]
* [[Human milk banking in North America]]
* [[Male lactation]]
* [[Milk line]]
* [[Nursing chair]]
== පාද සටහන් ==
| 