"මවුකිරි දීම" හි සංශෝධන අතර වෙනස්කම්

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සුළු පරිවර්තනය
4 පේළිය:
[[ගොනුව:Breastfeeding-icon-med.svg|thumb|150px|[[International Breastfeeding Symbol]]]]
 
'''මවුකිරි දීම''' (En=Breastfeeding / nursing)<ref>See [[nursing]] article, dealing with the [[healthcare professional]] concept.</ref>) යනු [[ලදරුවා|ලදරුවකුළදරුවකු]] හෝ කුඩා දරුවකුට [[මවු කිරි]] ලබාදීමයි. [[නව ජන්ම ලදරුවා|නව ජන්ම ලදරුවන්ළදරුවන්]]හට මේ සඳහා [[උරාබීමේ ප්‍රතීකය]] (sucking reflex) උපකාරීවේ.
 
 
54 පේළිය:
The quality of a mother's breast milk may be compromised by stress, bad food habits, chronic illnesses, smoking, and drinking.<ref>author=W.Sadler,L.Sadler | The Mother and Her Child | 1916 |Part II</ref>{{Verify credibility|can we get an up-to-date source for this since it seems obvious|date=January 2009}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.health-e-learning.com/content/view/32/63/ | title=Social drugs and breastfeeding | author=Denise Fisher}}</ref>
 
== ළදරුවන්ට ලැබෙක වාසි ==
== Benefits for the infant ==
[[ගොනුව:Namibie Himba 0703a.jpg|thumb|right|[[Himba]] woman and child.]]
[[ගොනුව:Kabala mother.jpg|thumb|right|A woman with her child in [[Kabala, Sierra Leone|Kabala]], [[Sierra Leone]] in the 1960's.]]
96 පේළිය:
Breastfed babies have better arousal from sleep at 2-3 months. This coincides with the peak incidence of [[sudden infant death syndrome]].<ref name="pmid14709496">{{cite journal |author=Horne RS, Parslow PM, Ferens D, Watts AM, Adamson TM |title=Comparison of evoked arousability in breast and formula fed infants |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. |volume=89 |issue=1 |pages=22–5 |year=2004 |pmid=14709496 |doi=}}</ref>
 
== මවට ලැබෙන වාසි ==
== Benefits for mothers ==
[[ගොනුව:Zanzibar 31.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Zanzibar]]i woman breastfeeding]]
Breastfeeding is a cost effective way of feeding an infant, and provides the best nourishment for a child at a small nutrient cost to the mother. Frequent and exclusive breastfeeding can delay the return of fertility through [[lactational amenorrhea method|lactational amenorrhea]], though breastfeeding is an imperfect means of [[birth control]]. During breastfeeding beneficial [[hormone]]s are released into the mother's body.<ref name=CDC /> and the maternal bond can be strengthened.<ref name=HHS /> Breastfeeding is possible throughout [[pregnancy]], but generally milk production will be reduced at some point.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Feldman S | title = Nursing Through Pregnancy | journal = New Beginnings | volume = 17 | issue = 4 | pages = pp. 116–118, 145 | publisher = La Leche League International |date=July-August 2000 | url = http://www.lalecheleague.org/NB/NBJulAug00p116.html | accessdate = 2007-03-15}}</ref>
 
=== දීර්ඝ කාලීන සෞඛ්‍ය ===
=== Long-term health effects ===
A recent study indicates long duration of lactation (at least 24 months) is associated with a reduced risk of heart disease in women.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gunderson, Erica P. |title=Prospective evidence that lactation protects against cardiovascular disease in women |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology |volume=200 |issue=2 |pages=119–120 |year=February, 2009 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2008.10.001}}</ref> Breastfeeding mothers also have less risk of [[Endometrial cancer|endometrial]],<ref name=Rosenblatt>{{cite journal |author=Rosenblatt K, Thomas D |title=Prolonged lactation and endometrial cancer. WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives |journal=Int J Epidemiol |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=499–503 |year=1995 |pmid=7672888}}</ref><ref name=Newcomb>{{cite journal |author=Newcomb P, Trentham-Dietz A |title=Breast feeding practices in relation to endometrial cancer risk, USA |journal=Cancer Causes Control |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=663–7 |year=2000 |pmid = 10977111 |doi=10.1023/A:1008978624266}}</ref> and [[ovarian cancer]],<ref name=Gartner_2005 /><ref name=HHS /> and [[osteoporosis]],<ref name=Gartner_2005 /><ref name=HHS /> and breast cancer.
 
108 පේළිය:
Women who breast feed for longer have less chance of getting rheumatoid arthritis, a Malmo University study published online ahead of print in the Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases suggested (See [http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/540605/ Women Who Breast Feed for More than a Year Halve Their Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis]). The study also found that taking oral contraceptives, which are suspected to protect against the disease because they contain hormones that are raised in pregnancy, did not have the same effect. Simply having children but not breast feeding also did not seem to be protective.
 
=== Bondingබැඳීම ===
The hormones released during breastfeeding strengthen the [[maternal bond]]. Teaching partners how to manage common difficulties is associated with higher breastfeeding rates.<ref name="Piscane">{{cite journal |author=Pisacane A, Continisio GI, Aldinucci M, D'Amora S, Continisio P |title=A controlled trial of the father's role in breastfeeding promotion |journal=Pediatrics |volume=116 |issue=4 |pages=e494–8 |year=2005 |pmid=16199676 |doi=10.1542/peds.2005-0479 |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16199676}}</ref> Support for a mother while breastfeeding can assist in [[human bonding|familial bonds]] and help build a [[paternal bond]] between father and child.<ref name="isbn0897898338 ">{{cite book |author=Van Willigen, John; John van Willigen |title=Applied anthropology: an introduction |publisher=Bergin & Garvey |location=New York |year=2002 |pages= |isbn=0897898338 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref>
 
If the mother is away, an alternative caregiver may be able to feed the baby with expressed breast milk. The various [[breast pump]]s available for sale and rent help working mothers to feed their babies breast milk for as long as they want. To be successful, the mother must produce and store enough milk to feed the child for the time she is away, and the feeding caregiver must be comfortable in handling breast milk.
 
=== හෝමෝන කිදහස්වීම ===
=== Hormone release ===
Breastfeeding releases [[oxytocin]] and [[prolactin]], hormones that relax the mother and make her feel more nurturing toward her baby.<ref name=Dettwyler_1995>{{cite book | author=[[Katherine A. Dettwyler|Dettwyler K]] | coauthors=Stuart-Macadam P | title = Breastfeeding: Biocultural Perspectives | pages = p. 131 | publisher = Aldine Transaction | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-0-202-01192-9 }}</ref> Breastfeeding soon after giving birth increases the mother's oxytocin levels, making her uterus contract more quickly and reducing bleeding. Oxytocin is similar to pitocin, a synthetic hormone used to make the uterus contract.<ref name=Chua>{{cite journal |author=Chua S, Arulkumaran S, Lim I, Selamat N, Ratnam S |title=Influence of breastfeeding and nipple stimulation on postpartum uterine activity |journal=Br J Obstet Gynaecol |volume=101 |issue=9 |pages=804–5 |year=1994 |pmid=7947531}}</ref>
 
=== Weightබර lossඅඩුවීම ===
As the fat accumulated during pregnancy is used to produce milk, extended breastfeeding—at least 6 months—can help mothers lose weight.<ref name=Dewey>{{cite journal |author=Dewey K, Heinig M, Nommsen L |title=Maternal weight-loss patterns during prolonged lactation |journal=Am J Clin Nutr |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=162–6 |year=1993 |pmid = 8338042}}</ref> However, weight loss is highly variable among lactating women, and diet and exercise are more reliable ways of losing weight.<ref name=Lovelady>{{cite journal |author=Lovelady C, Garner K, Moreno K, Williams J |title=The effect of weight loss in overweight, lactating women on the growth of their infants |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=342 |issue=7 |pages=449–53 |year=2000 |pmid=10675424 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM200002173420701}}</ref>
 
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AAP recommends at least one year of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life. Breastfeeding should continue after two years of life as long as mutually desired by mother and child.
 
== මවුකිරිදීමේ විවිධත්වය ==
== Breastfeeding difficulties ==
{{මූලික|Breastfeeding complications}}
While breastfeeding is a natural human activity, difficulties are not uncommon. Putting the baby to the breast as soon as possible after the birth helps to avoid many problems. The AAP breastfeeding policy says: ''Delay weighing, measuring, bathing, needle-sticks, and eye prophylaxis until after the first feeding is completed.''<ref name="Gartner_2005" /> Many breastfeeding difficulties can be resolved with proper hospital procedures, properly trained midwives, doctors and hospital staff, and lactation consultants.<ref name="Newman_2000">{{cite book | author = Newman J | authorlink = Jack Newman (doctor) | coauthors = Pitman T | title = Dr. Jack Newman's guide to breastfeeding | publisher = HarperCollins Publishers |year=2000 | isbn = 0006385680}}</ref> There are some situations in which breastfeeding may be harmful to the infant, including infection with [[HIV]] and acute poisoning by environmental contaminants such as lead.<ref name=Mead/> Rarely, a mother may not be able to produce breastmilk because of a prolactin deficiency. This may be caused by Sheehan's syndrome, an uncommon result of a sudden drop in blood pressure during childbirth typically due to hemorrhaging. In developed countries, many working mothers do not breast feed their children due to work pressures. For example, a mother may need to schedule for frequent pumping breaks, and find a clean, private and quiet place at work for pumping. These inconveniences may cause mothers to give up on breast feeding and use infant formula instead.
 
== ළදරුවන්ගේ බර ==
== Infant weight gain ==
 
Breastfed infants generally gain weight according to the following guidelines:
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While it can be hard to measure how much food a breastfed baby consumes, babies normally feed to meet their own requirements.<ref name="Iwinski_2006">{{Citation | author = Iwinski S | title = Is Weighing Baby to Measure Milk Intake a Good Idea? | journal = LEAVEN | volume = 42 | issue = 3 |date=2006 | pages = 51–3 | url = http://www.lalecheleague.org/llleaderweb/LV/LVJulAugSep06p51.html | accessdate = 2007-04-08 }}</ref> Babies that fail to eat enough may exhibit symptoms of [[failure to thrive]]. If necessary, it is possible to estimate feeding from wet and soiled nappies (diapers): 8 wet cloth or 5–6 wet disposable, and 2–5 soiled per 24 hours suggests an acceptable amount of input for newborns older than 5–6 days old. After 2–3 months, stool frequency is a less accurate measure of adequate input as some normal infants may go up to 10 days between stools. Babies can also be weighed before and after feeds.
 
=== මවු කිරි පිළිබද විග්‍රහ ===
=== Expressing breast milk ===
[[ගොනුව:Manual Breast Pump 2005 SeanMcClean.jpg|thumb|right|120px|Manual breast pump]]
When direct breastfeeding is not possible, a mother can ''express'' (artificially remove and store) her milk. With manual massage or using a [[breast pump]], a woman can express her milk and keep it in freezer storage bags, a [[supplemental nursing system]], or a [[baby bottle|bottle]] ready for use. Breast milk may be kept at [[room temperature]] for up to ten hours, refrigerated for up to eight days or frozen for up to four to six months. Research suggests that the antioxidant activity in expressed breast milk decreases over time but it still remains at higher levels than in infant formula.<ref name="Hanna_2004">{{cite journal | author = Hanna N | coauthor = Ahmed K, Anwar N, Petrova A, M Hiatt M, Hegyi T | title = Effect of storage on breast milk antioxidant activity | journal = Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed | volume = 89 | issue = 6 | pages = pp. F518–20 | publisher = BMJ Publishing Group Ltd |month=November | year=2004 | doi = 10.1136/adc.2004.049247 | pmid = 15499145}}</ref>
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=== දෙතුන් දෙනකුට එකවර මවුකිරිදීම ===
=== Tandem breastfeeding ===
Feeding two children at the same time is called ''tandem breastfeeding'' The most common reason for tandem breastfeeding is the birth of [[twin]]s, although women with closely spaced children can and do continue to nurse the older as well as the younger. As the appetite and feeding habits of each baby may not be the same, this could mean feeding each according to their own individual needs, and can also include breastfeeding them together, one on each breast.
 
217 පේළිය:
Tandem breastfeeding may also occur when a woman has a baby while breastfeeding an older child. During the late stages of pregnancy the milk will change to colostrum, and some older nurslings will continue to feed even with this change, while others may wean due to the change in taste or drop in supply. Feeding a child while being pregnant with another can also be considered a form of tandem feeding for the nursing mother, as she also provides the nutrition for two.<ref name="Flower_2003">{{cite book | author = Flower H | title = Adventures in Tandem Nursing: Breastfeeding During Pregnancy and Beyond | publisher = La Leche League International | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0912500973}}</ref>
 
=== විස්තෘත මවුකිරි දීම ===
=== Extended breastfeeding ===
Breastfeeding past two years is called ''extended breastfeeding'' or "sustained breastfeeding" by supporters and those outside the U.S.<ref>{{cite web | author = La Leche League International | title = Report from the Board: Update from the LLLI Board of Directors | publisher = LLL | url = http://lalecheleague.org/llleaderweb/LV/LVAprMay03p26.html | accessdate = 2007-08-02}}</ref> Supporters of extended breastfeeding believe that all the benefits of human milk, nutritional, immunological and emotional, continue for as long as a child nurses. Often the older child will nurse infrequently or sporadically as a way of bonding with the mother.{{Fact|date=January 2008}}
 
=== බෙදාගත් මවුකිරිදීම ===
=== Shared breastfeeding ===
{{මූලික|කිරි මව}}
It used to be common worldwide, and still is in [[developing nation]]s such as those in [[Africa]], for more than one woman to breastfeed a child. Shared breastfeeding is a risk factor for [[HIV]] infection in infants.<ref>{{cite news | author = Alcorn K | title = Shared breastfeeding identified as new risk factor for HIV | publisher = Aidsmap |date=2004-08-24 | url = http://www.aidsmap.com/en/news/72E08565-12B7-43CF-A71E-7A57292B30DF.asp | accessdate = 2007-04-10 }}</ref> A woman who is engaged to breastfeed another's baby is known as a [[wet nurse]]. [[Islam]] has [[Milk brother#Siblings through breast feeding|codified the relationship]] between this woman and the infants she nurses, and also between the infants when they grow up, so that milk siblings are considered as blood siblings and [[mahram|cannot marry]]. Shared breastfeeding can incur strong negative reactions in the [[Anglosphere]]<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,1983285,00.html Guardian Unlimited: Not your mother's milk] </ref>; American feminist activist [[Jennifer Baumgardner]] has written about her experiences in [[New York]] with this issue<ref>Jennifer Baumgardner, ''Breast Friends'', [http://www.babble.com/content/articles/features/personalessays/baumgardner/breastfriends/ Babble], 2007</ref>.
229 පේළිය:
In the past, [[bromocriptine]] was sometimes used to reduce the [[Breast engorgement|engorgement]] experienced by many women during weaning. However, it was discovered that when used for this purpose, this medication posed serious health risks to women, such as [[stroke]], and the [[U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] withdrew this indication for the drug in 1994.<ref>[http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/ANS00594.html http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/ANS00594.html] ''FDA.gov'' </ref>
 
== මවුකිරි දීමේ ඉතිහාසය ==
== History of breastfeeding ==
[[ගොනුව:Debret37.jpg|thumbnail|right|250px|''Famille d’un Chef Camacan se préparant pour une Fête'' ("Family of a Camacan chief preparing for a Festival") by [[Jean-Baptiste Debret]] shows a woman breastfeeding a child in the background.]]
{{මූලික|History of breastfeeding}}
235 පේළිය:
For hundreds of thousands of years, humans, like all other mammals, fed their young milk. Before the twentieth century, alternatives to breastfeeding were rare. Attempts in 15th century Europe to use cow or goat milk were not very positive. In the 18th century, flour or cereal mixed with broth were introduced as substitutes for breastfeeding, but this did not have a favorable outcome, either. True commercial [[infant formula]]s appeared on the market in the mid 19th Century but their use did not become widespread until after [[දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය|WWII]]. As the superior qualities of breast milk became better-established in medical literature, breastfeeding rates have increased and countries have enacted measures to protect the rights of infants and mothers to breastfeed.
 
== මවුකිරි දීමේ සමාජ විද්‍යාත්මක පදනම ==
== Sociological factors with breastfeeding ==
{{Shorten}}
Researchers have found several social factors that correlate with differences in initiation, frequency, and duration of breastfeeding practices of mothers. Race, ethnic differences and socioeconomic status and other factors have been shown to affect a mother’s choice whether or not to breastfeed and how long she breastfeeds her child.
 
 
* '''Raceජාතිය andහා cultureසංස්කෘතිය''' Singh et al also found that African American women are less likely than white women of similar socioeconomic status to breastfeed and Hispanic women are more likely to breastfeed. The Center of Disease Control used information from the National Immunization Survey to determine the proportion of Caucasian and African American children that were ever breast fed. They found that 71.5% of Caucasians had breastfed their child while only 50.1% of African Americans had. At six months of age this fell to 53.9% of Caucasian mothers and 43.2% of African American mothers who were still breastfeeding.{{Fact|date=January 2009}}
* '''Incomeආදායම''' Deborah L. Dee's research found that women and children who qualify for [[Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children|WIC]], Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children were among those who were least likely to initiate breastfeeding. Income level can also contribute to women discontinuing breastfeeding early. More highly educated women are more likely to have access to information regarding difficulties with breastfeeding, allowing them to continue breastfeeding through difficulty rather than weaning early. Women in higher status jobs are more likely to have access to a lactation room and suffer less social stigma from having to breastfeed or express breastmilk at work. In addition, women who are unable to take an extended leave from work following the birth of their child are less likely to continue breastfeeding when they return to work.{{Fact|date=January 2009}}
* '''Otherවෙනත් factorsසාධක''' Other factors they found to have an effect on breastfeeding are “household composition, metropolitan/non-metropolitan residence, parental education, household income or poverty status, neighborhood safety, familial support, maternal physical activity, and household smoking status.”{{Fact|date=January 2009}}
== මේවාත් බලන්න ==
=== Breastfeeding in public ===
{{see also|Breastfeeding in public}}
 
== See also ==
* [[Baby-friendly hospital]]
* [[Baby-led weaning]]
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* [[Nursing chair]]
 
== පාද සටහන් ==
== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|2}}
 
== Referencesයොමුව ==
* {{cite book | last = Hausman | first = Bernice | title = Mother's Milk: Breastfeeding Controversies in American Culture | publisher = New York: Routledge | year = 2003 | isbn = 0-415-96656-6 }}
* {{cite book | last = Huggins | first = Kathleen | title = The Nursing Mother's Companion | edition = 4th | publisher = Harvard Common Press | year = 1999 | isbn = 1-55832-152-7}}
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* {{cite journal| author=Coutsoudis, A., Goga, AE, Rollins, N., Coovadia, HM. |title=Free formula milk for infants of HIV positive women: blessing or curse?|journal= Health Policy and Planning |volume=17|pages= 154–160.|year=2002| doi=10.1093/heapol/17.2.154| pmid=12000775}}
 
== බාහිර සබැඳුම් ==
== External links ==
{{Commonscat|Breastfeeding}}
{{Wiktionary}}
"https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/මවුකිරි_දීම" වෙතින් සම්ප්‍රවේශනය කෙරිණි