"අැමරිකානු මනෝවිද්‍යාඥයන්ගේ සංගමය" හි සංශෝධන අතර වෙනස්කම්

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සුළු පරිවර්තනය
සිංහල නොවේ
18 පේළිය:
 
1970 දී සමලිංගිකත්වය මානසික රෝගයක් ලෙස හදුන්වා දීමට විරුද්ධව ව්‍යාපාරයක් ආරම්භවිය.මෙතෙක් DSM මානසික රෝග වර්ගීකරණය තුල සමලිංගිකත්වය මානසික රෝගයක් ලෙස හදුන්වා තිබිණි.සමලිංගික වර්‍යාවන් සිදු කිරීම මානසික ව්‍යාධි තත්වයක් නිසා සිදු කරන්නේය මතයට විරුද්ධව නැගුනු විරෝධය හමුවේ මනෝවිද්‍යාඥයන් 1970 සිට 1973 දක්වා වූ වාර්ෂික හමුවේ දී සමලිංගිකත්වය මානසික රෝගයක් ලෙස තවදුරටත් සළකන්නේද නැද්ද යන්න පිළිබද දීර්ග සාකච්ඡා සංවාද විවාද ඇතිවිය.පසුව මෙය පිළිබද ඡන්ද විමසීමක් සිදු කළේය.මෙහිදී 58% නගේ මතය වූයේ සමලිංගිකත්වය තවදුරටත් මානසික රෝගයක් ලෙස නොසලකා මෙම වර්ගීකරණයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමටයි.එහි ප්‍රථිපලයක් ලෙස සමලිංගිකත්වය DSM මානසික රෝග වර්ගීකරණයෙන් ඉවත් කරනලදී.
 
== සංවිධානය හා සාමාජිකත්වය ==
APA is led by the President of the American Psychiatric Association and a Board of Trustees with an Executive Committee.
 
APA reports <ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ්}}</ref> that its membership is primarily medical specialists who are qualified, or in the process of becoming qualified, as psychiatrists. The basic eligibility requirement is completion of a residency program in psychiatry accredited by the Residency Review Committee for Psychiatry of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPS(C)), or the American Osteopathic Association (AOA). Applicants for membership must also hold a valid medical license (with the exception of medical students and residents) and provide one reference who is an APA member.
 
APA holds an annual conference attended by a US and international audience.
 
APA is made up of some 76 district associations throughout the US.<ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ්}}</ref>
 
== ප්‍රකාශන ==
APA position statements,<ref>[http://library.psych.org/dbtw-wpd/textbase/PolicyFinder.htm APA Policy Finder]</ref> clinical practice guidelines,<ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ්}}</ref> and descriptions of its core diagnostic manual (the DSM) are published.
 
APA publishes several journals<ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ්}}</ref> focused on different areas of psychiatry, for example, academic, clinical practice, or news.
 
=== Top five Choosing Wisely recommendations ===
In coordination with the American Board of Internal Medicine, the APA proposes five recommendations for physicians and patients. The list was compiled by members of the Council on Research and Quality Care.<ref name="recommendations">{{Cite press release|title=APA Releases List of Common Uses of Psychiatric Medications to Question|url=http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Advocacy%20and%20Newsroom/Press%20Releases/2013%20Releases/13-58-Choosing-Wisely-announcement.pdf|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|date=2013-09-20|access-date=2014-01-27|accessdate=2014-01-27}}</ref> The APA places a primary focus on antipsychotic medications due to a rapid increase in sales, from $9.6 billion in 2004 to $18.5 billion in 2011.<ref><cite class="citation journal">Kuehn, B. M. (2013). </cite></ref>
# Don't prescribe antipsychotic medications to patients for any indication without appropriate initial evaluation and appropriate ongoing monitoring.
# Don't routinely prescribe 2 or more antipsychotic medications concurrently.
# Don't prescribe antipsychotic medications as a first-line intervention to treat behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia.
# Don't routinely prescribe antipsychotic medications as a first-line intervention for insomnia in adults.
# Don't routinely prescribe antipsychotic medications as a first-line intervention for children or adolescents for any diagnosis other than psychotic disorders.<ref name="recommendations">{{Cite press release|title=APA Releases List of Common Uses of Psychiatric Medications to Question|url=http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Advocacy%20and%20Newsroom/Press%20Releases/2013%20Releases/13-58-Choosing-Wisely-announcement.pdf|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|date=2013-09-20|access-date=2014-01-27|accessdate=2014-01-27}}</ref>
 
== Notable figures ==
* Jeffrey Lieberman was the principal investigator for the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness, sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health study.<ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ්}}</ref> He was President of the American Psychiatric Association in 2013–2014.
* Adolf Meyer was the president of the American Psychiatric Association from 1927–1928 and was one of the most influential figures in psychiatry in the first half of the twentieth century.
* Robert Spitzer was the chair of the task force of the third edition of the DSM.
* Herb Pardes past president and noted figure in American psychiatry.
 
== Drug company ties ==
In his book ''Anatomy of an Epidemic'' (2010), Robert Whitaker described the partnership that has developed between the APA and pharmaceutical companies since the 1980s.<ref name="Anatomy">{{Cite book|author=Whitaker, Robert|title=Anatomy of an Epidemic|pages=276–278|year=2010|publisher=Random House (Crown)|isbn=978-0-307-45241-2|ISBN=978-0-307-45241-2}}</ref> APA has come to depend on pharmaceutical money.<ref name="Anatomy">{{Cite book|author=Whitaker, Robert|title=Anatomy of an Epidemic|pages=276–278|year=2010|publisher=Random House (Crown)|isbn=978-0-307-45241-2|ISBN=978-0-307-45241-2}}</ref> The drug companies endowed continuing education and psychiatric "grand rounds" at hospitals. They funded a Political Action Committee (PAC) in 1982 to lobby Congress.<ref name="Anatomy">{{Cite book|author=Whitaker, Robert|title=Anatomy of an Epidemic|pages=276–278|year=2010|publisher=Random House (Crown)|isbn=978-0-307-45241-2|ISBN=978-0-307-45241-2}}</ref> The industry helped to pay for the APA's media training workshops.<ref name="Anatomy">{{Cite book|author=Whitaker, Robert|title=Anatomy of an Epidemic|pages=276–278|year=2010|publisher=Random House (Crown)|isbn=978-0-307-45241-2|ISBN=978-0-307-45241-2}}</ref> It was able to turn psychiatrists at top schools into speakers, and although the doctors felt they were independents, they rehearsed their speeches and likely would not be invited back if they discussed drug side effects.<ref name="Anatomy">{{Cite book|author=Whitaker, Robert|title=Anatomy of an Epidemic|pages=276–278|year=2010|publisher=Random House (Crown)|isbn=978-0-307-45241-2|ISBN=978-0-307-45241-2}}</ref> "Thought leaders" became the experts quoted in the media.<ref name="Anatomy">{{Cite book|author=Whitaker, Robert|title=Anatomy of an Epidemic|pages=276–278|year=2010|publisher=Random House (Crown)|isbn=978-0-307-45241-2|ISBN=978-0-307-45241-2}}</ref> As Marcia Angell wrote in ''The New England Journal of Medicine'' (2000), "thought leaders" could agree to be listed as an author of ghostwritten articles,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Angell, Marcia|title=Is Academic Medicine for Sale?|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=May 18, 2000|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200005183422009|issue=342|pages=1516–1518|doi=10.1056/NEJM200005183422009|DOI=10.1056/NEJM200005183422009|volume=342}}</ref> and she cites Thomas Bodenheimer and David Rothman who describe the extent of the drug industry's involvement with doctors.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bodenheimer, Thomas|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|title=Uneasy Alliance: Clinical Investigators and the Pharmaceutical Industry|date=May 18, 2000|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200005183422024|access-date=October 4, 2010|accessdate=October 4, 2010|doi=10.1056/NEJM200005183422024|DOI=10.1056/NEJM200005183422024|volume=342|pages=1539–1544}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rothman, David|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|title=Medical Professionalism — Focusing on the Real Issues|date=April 27, 2000|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200004273421711|access-date=October 4, 2010|accessdate=October 4, 2010|doi=10.1056/NEJM200004273421711|DOI=10.1056/NEJM200004273421711|volume=342|pages=1284–1286}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' published a summary about antipsychotic medications in October 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Wilson, Duff|title=Side Effects May Include Lawsuits|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/03/business/03psych.html|date=October 2, 2010|work=The New York Times|publisher=The New York Times Company|accessdate=October 10, 2010|access-date=October 10, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425033212/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/03/business/03psych.html|archivedate=April 25, 2011<!--DASHBot-->}}</ref>
 
In 2008, for the first time, Senator Charles Grassley asked the APA to disclose how much of its annual budget came from drug industry funds. The APA said that industry contributed 28% of its budget ($14 million at that time), mainly through paid advertising in APA journals and funds for continuing medical education.<ref name="stuarta">{{Cite book|last=Kirk|first=Stuart A.|title=Mad Science: Psychiatric Coercion, Diagnosis, and Drugs|year=2013|publisher=Transaction Publishers|page=217}}</ref>
 
== මතභේද ==
In the 1964 election, ''Fact'' magazine polled American Psychiatric Association members on whether Barry Goldwater was fit to be president and published "The Unconscious of a Conservative: A Special Issue on the Mind of Barry Goldwater". This led to a ban on the diagnosis of a public figure by psychiatrists who have not performed an examination or been authorized to release information by the patient. This became the Goldwater rule.<ref name="tele">{{Cite news|author=[[Richard A. Friedman]]|coauthors=|title=How a Telescopic Lens Muddles Psychiatric Insights|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/24/health/views/24mind.html?ref=science|quote=|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 23, 2011|accessdate=2011-05-24|access-date=2011-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=|coauthors=|title=LBJ Fit to Serve|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=D24hAAAAIBAJ&sjid=F4cFAAAAIBAJ&pg=882,4721408&dq=ralph+ginzburg&hl=en|quote=Publisher Ralph Ginzburg, defendant in a libel suit for an article on a poll of psychiatrists on Barry Goldwater that he conducted in 1964 says ...|newspaper=[[Associated Press]]|date=May 23, 1968|accessdate=2011-05-24|access-date=2011-05-24}}</ref>
 
Supported by various funding sources, the APA and its members have played major roles in examining points of contention in the field and addressing uncertainties as to the nature of psychiatric illness and its treatment, as well as the relationship of mental health concerns to those of the community more broadly. Controversies have related to anti-psychiatry and disability rights campaigners, who regularly protest at American Psychiatric Association offices or meetings. In 1971, members of the Gay Liberation Front organization sabotaged an APA conference in San Francisco. In 2003 activists from MindFreedom International staged a 21-day hunger strike, protesting at a perceived unjustified biomedical focus and challenging APA to provide evidence of the widespread claim that mental disorders are due to chemical imbalances in the brain. APA published a position statement in response<ref>{{Cite press release|title=American Psychiatric Association Statement on Diagnosis and Treatment Of Mental Disorders|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|date=2003-09-25|url=http://www.psych.org/news_room/press_releases/mentaldisorders0339.pdf|format=pdf|access-date=2008-11-21|accessdate=2008-11-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614091656/http://www.psych.org/news_room/press_releases/mentaldisorders0339.pdf|archivedate=2007-06-14}}</ref> and the two organizations exchanged views on the evidence.
 
There was controversy when it emerged that US psychologists and psychiatrists were helping interrogators in [[ග්වන්ටානමෝ බේ රැඳවුම් කඳවුර|Guantanamo]] and other US facilities to torture detainees.<ref>http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2015/07/terror-torture-and-psychology</ref> The American Psychiatric Association released a policy statement that psychiatrists should not take a direct part in interrogation of particular prisoners <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20060622063118/http://www.psych.org/edu/other_res/lib_archives/archives/200601.pdf Psychiatric participation in interrogation of detainees]</ref> but could "offer general advice on the possible medical and psychological effects of particular techniques and conditions of interrogation, and on other areas within their professional expertise."
 
The APA's DSM came under criticism from autism specialists Tony Attwood and Simon Baron-Cohen for proposing the elimination of Asperger's syndrome as a disorder and replacing it with an autism spectrum severity scale. Roy Richard Grinker wrote a controversial editorial for ''The New York Times'' expressing support for the proposal.
 
The APA president in 2005, Steven Sharfstein, caused controversy when, although praising the pharmaceutical industry, he argued that American psychiatry had "allowed the biopsychosocial model to become the bio-bio-bio model" and accepted "kickbacks and bribes" from pharmaceutical companies leading to the over-use of medication and neglect of other approaches.<ref>Sharfstein, SS. (2005) [http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/40/16/3 Big Pharma and American Psychiatry: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly] ''Psychiatric News'' August 19, 2005 Volume 40 Number 16</ref> In 2008 APA became a focus of congressional investigations regarding the way that money from the pharmaceutical industry can shape the practices of nonprofit organizations that purport to be independent in their viewpoints and actions. The drug industry accounted in 2006 for about 30 percent of the association’s $62.5 million in financing, half through drug advertisements in its journals and meeting exhibits, and the other half sponsoring fellowships, conferences and industry symposiums at its annual meeting. APA is considering its response to increasingly intense scrutiny and questions about conflicts of interest.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/12/washington/12psych.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all Psychiatric Group Faces Scrutiny Over Drug Industry Ties], New York Times, 2008-07-12</ref> The APA president of 2009-2010, Alan Schatzberg, has also come under fire after it came to light that he was principal investigator on a federal study into the drug Mifepristone for use as an antidepressant being developed by Corcept Therapeutics, a company Schatzberg had himself set up and in which he had several millions of dollars’ worth of stock.<ref>[https://chronicle.com/article/Stanford-Researcher-Accused/41395 Stanford Researcher, Accused of Conflicts, Steps Down as NIH Principal Investigator], The Chronicle of Higher Education, 2008-01-08</ref>
 
== මේවාත් බලන්න ==
* Presidents of the American Psychiatric Association
* American Psychiatric Association Foundation
* American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology
* American Group Psychotherapy Association
* ''American Journal of Psychiatry''
* American Psychoanalytic Association
* List of psychiatrists
* Royal College of Psychiatrists
 
== යොමුව ==