"ස්වභාවිකවේද" හි සංශෝධන අතර වෙනස්කම්

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{{දියුණු කරන්න}}
[[ගොනුව:Michelson-Morley experiment (en).svg|300px|thumb|The [[Michelson–Morley experiment]] was used to disprove that light propagated through a [[luminiferous aether]]. This 19th century concept was then superseded by [[Albert Einstein]]'s [[special theory of relativity]].]]
 
== බාහිර සබැදි ==
In [[Science]], the term '''natural science''' refers to a life[[methodological naturalism|naturalistic]] approach to the study of the [[universe]], which is understood as obeying rules or laws of [[nature|natural]] origin. The term ''natural science'' is also used to distinguish those fields that use the [[scientific method]] to study [[nature]] from the [[social sciences]] and the [[humanities]], which use the scientific method to study human behavior and society; and from the [[formal science]]s, such as [[mathematics]] and [[logic]], which use a different (''[[Apriori|a priori]]'') [[methodology]].
 
== Overview ==
Natural sciences form the basis for the living and the dead [[applied science]]s. Together, the natural and applied sciences are distinguished from the [[social science]]s on the one hand, and the [[liberal arts]] ([[humanities]], [[theology]], etc.) on the other. Though [[mathematics]], [[statistics]], and [[computer science]] are not considered natural sciences (mathematics traditionally considered among the liberal arts and statistics among the humanities, for instance), they provide many tools and frameworks used within the natural sciences.
 
Alongside this traditional usage, the phrase ''natural sciences'' is also sometimes used more narrowly to refer to its everyday usage, that is, related to [[natural history]]. In this sense "natural sciences" may refer to the [[biology]] and perhaps also the [[earth science]]s, as distinguished from the [[physical science]]s, including [[astronomy]], [[physics]], and [[chemistry]].
 
Within the natural sciences, the term [[hard science]] is sometimes used to describe those sub-fields that rely on experimental, [[quantification|quantifiable]] data or the [[scientific method]] and focus on accuracy and objectivity. These usually include physics, chemistry and many of the sub-fields of biology. By contrast, [[soft science]] is often used to describe the scientific fields that are more reliant on qualitative research, including the social sciences.
 
== History ==
In [[ancient]] and [[medieval]] times, the objective study of nature was known as [[natural philosophy]]. In late medieval and early modern times, a philosophical interpretation of nature was gradually replaced by a scientific approach using [[Inductive reasoning|inductive]] methodology. The works of [[Ibn al-Haytham]] and [[Francis Bacon|Sir Francis Bacon]] popularized this approach, thereby helping to forge the [[scientific revolution]].
 
By the 19th century the study of science had come into the purview of professionals and institutions, and in so doing it gradually acquired the more modern name of natural science. The term ''scientist'' was coined by [[William Whewell]] in an 1834 review of [[Mary Somerville]]'s ''On the Connexion of the Sciences''. However the word did not enter general use until nearly the end of the same century.
 
According to a famous 1923 textbook ''Thermodynamics – and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances'' by the American chemist [[Gilbert N. Lewis]] and the American physical chemist [[Merle Randall]], the natural sciences contain three great branches:
 
{{quotation|Aside from the logical and mathematical sciences, there are three great branches of ''natural science'' which stand apart by reason of the variety of far reaching deductions drawn from a small number of primary postulates – they are [[mechanics]], [[electrodynamics]], and [[thermodynamics]].}}
 
== ස්වභාවිකවේදයට අයත් වේදයන් ==
=== තාරකාවේදය ===
{{මූලික|Astronomy}}
[[ගොනුව:Moon Dedal crater.jpg|thumb|Space missions have been used to image distant locations within the [[Solar System]], such as this ''[[Apollo 11]]'' view of [[Daedalus (crater)|Daedalus crater]] on the [[far side of the Moon]].]]
This discipline is the science of [[Astronomical object|celestial objects]] and [[phenomena]] that originate outside the [[Earth's atmosphere]]. It is concerned with the evolution, [[physics]], [[chemistry]], [[meteorology]], and [[motion (physics)|motion]] of celestial objects, as well as the [[physical cosmology|formation and development of the universe]]. Astronomy includes the examination, study and modeling of [[star]]s, [[planet]]s, [[comet]]s, [[galaxy|galaxies]] and the [[cosmos]]. Most of the information used by astronomers is gathered by remote observation, although some laboratory reproduction of celestial phenomenon has been performed (such as the molecular chemistry of the [[interstellar medium]].)
 
While the origins of the study of celestial features and phenomenon can be traced back to antiquity, the scientific methodology of this field began to develop in the middle of the seventeenth century. A key factor was [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]]'s introduction of the telescope to examine the night sky in more detail. The mathematical treatment of astronomy began with [[Isaac Newton|Newton]]'s development of [[celestial mechanics]] and the laws of [[gravitation]], although it was triggered by earlier work of astronomers such as [[Johannes Kepler|Kepler]]. By the nineteenth century, astronomy had developed into a formal science with the introduction of instruments such as the [[spectroscope]] and [[photography]], along with much improved telescopes and the creation of professional observatories.
 
=== ජීවවේදය ===
{{මූලික|Biology}}
[[ගොනුව:DNA-fragment-3D-vdW.png|thumb|A fragment of [[DNA]], the chemical sequence that contains [[Genetics|genetic]] instructions for the [[Developmental biology|development]] and functioning of [[Life|living organisms]]]]
This field encompasses a set of disciplines that examines [[phenomenon|phenomena]] related to living organisms. The scale of study can range from sub-component [[biophysics]] up to complex [[ecology|ecologies]]. Biology is concerned with the [[characteristic]]s, [[scientific classification|classification]] and [[behaviors]] of [[organism]]s, as well as how [[species]] were formed and their interactions with each other and the [[environment (biophysical)|environment]].
 
The biological fields of [[botany]], [[zoology]], and [[වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යාව]] date back to early periods of civilization, while [[microbiology]] was introduced in the 17th century with the invention of the microscope. However it was not until the 19th century that biology became a unified science; once scientists discovered commonalities between all living things it was decided they were best studied as a whole. Some key developments in the science of biology were the discovery of
[[genetics]]; [[Charles Darwin|Darwin's]] theory of [[evolution]] through [[natural selection]]; the [[germ theory of disease]] and the application of the techniques of [[biochemistry|chemistry]] and [[biophysics|physics]] at the level of the [[cell (biology)|cell]] or [[organic molecule]].
 
Modern Biology is divided into sub-disciplines by the type of organism and by the scale being studied. [[Molecular biology]] is the study of the fundamental chemistry of life, while [[cellular biology]] is the examination of the cell; the basic building block of all life. At a higher level, [[Physiology]] looks at the internal structure of organism, while [[ecology]] looks at how various organisms interrelate.
 
=== රසායනවේදය ===
{{මූලික|Chemistry}}
[[ගොනුව:Caffeine.svg|thumb|This [[structural formula]] for molecule [[caffeine]] shows a graphical representation of how the atoms are arranged.]]
Constituting the scientific study of matter at the [[atom]]ic and [[molecule|molecular]] scale, chemistry deals primarily with collections of atoms, such as [[gas]]es, molecules, [[crystal]]s, and [[metal]]s. The composition, statistical properties, transformations and reactions of these materials are studied. Chemistry also involves understanding the properties and interactions of individual atoms for use in larger-scale applications. Most chemical processes can be studied directly in a laboratory, using a series of (often well-tested) techniques for manipulating materials, as well as an understanding of the underlying processes. Chemistry is often called "[[the central science]]" because of its role in connecting the other natural sciences.
 
Early experiments in chemistry had their roots in the system of [[Alchemy]], a set of beliefs combining mysticism with physical experiments. The science of chemistry began to develop with the work of [[Robert Boyle]], the discoverer of gas, and [[Antoine Lavoisier]], who developed the theory of the [[Conservation of mass]]. The [[Discoveries of the chemical elements|discovery of the chemical elements]] and the concept of [[Atomic Theory]] began to systematize this science, and researchers developed a fundamental understanding of [[Phase (matter)|states of matter]], [[ion]]s, [[chemical bond]]s and [[chemical reaction]]s. The success of this science led to a complementary [[chemical industry]] that now plays a significant role in the world economy.
 
=== පෘථිවි වේදයන් ===
{{මූලික|Earth science}}
 
'''Earth science''' (also known as '''geoscience''', '''the geosciences''' or '''the Earth Sciences'''), is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet [[Earth (planet)|Earth]], including [[geology]], [[geophysics]], [[hydrology]], [[meteorology]], [[physical geography]], [[oceanography]], and [[soil science]].
 
Although [[mining]] and [[gemology|precious stones]] have been human interests throughout the history of civilization, the development of the related sciences of [[economic geology]] and [[mineralogy]] did not occur until the 18th century. The study of the earth, particularly [[palaeontology]], blossomed in the 19th century and the growth of other disciplines like [[geophysics]] in the 20th century led to the development of the theory of [[plate tectonic]]s in the 1960s, which has had a similar impact on the Earth sciences as the theory of evolution had on biology. Earth sciences today are closely linked to [[climate]] research and the [[petroleum]] and [[mineral exploration]] industries.
 
=== භෞතිකවේදය ===
{{මූලික|Physics}}
[[ගොනුව:Trajectory of a projectile with air resistance.svg|250px|thumb|This [[free body diagram]] illustrates the different [[force]]s acting on a [[Trajectory of a projectile|projectile]].]]
Physics embodies the study of the fundamental constituents of the [[universe]], the [[forces]] and interactions they exert on one another, and the results produced by these interactions. In general, physics is regarded as the fundamental science as all other natural sciences utilize and obey the principles and laws set down by the field. Physics relies heavily on [[mathematics]] as the logical framework for formulation and quantification of principles.
 
The study of the principles of the universe has a long history and largely derives from direct observation and experimentation. The formulation of theories about the governing laws of the universe has been central to the study of physics from very early on, with [[philosophy]] gradually yielding to systematic, quantitative experimental testing and observation as the source of verification. Key historical developments in physics include [[Isaac Newton]]'s [[Law of universal gravitation|theory of universal gravitation]] and [[classical mechanics]], an understanding of [[electricity]] and it's relation to [[magnetism]], [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]]'s theories of [[special relativity|special]] and [[general relativity]], the development of [[thermodynamics]], and the [[quantum mechanics|quantum mechanical]] model of atomic and subatomic physics.
 
The field of physics is extremely broad, and can include such diverse studies as [[quantum mechanics]] and [[theoretical physics]] to [[applied physics]] and [[optics]]. Modern physics is becoming increasingly specialized, where researchers tend to focus on a particular area rather than being "universalists" like [[Albert Einstein]] and [[Lev Landau]], who worked in multiple areas.
 
=== Cross-disciplines ===
The distinctions between the natural science disciplines are not always sharp, and they share a number of cross-discipline fields. Physics plays a significant role in the other natural sciences, as represented by [[astrophysics]], [[geophysics]], [[physical chemistry]] and [[biophysics]]. Likewise chemistry is represented by such fields as [[biochemistry]], [[geochemistry]] and [[astrochemistry]].
 
A particular example of a scientific discipline that draws upon multiple natural sciences is [[environmental science]]. This field studies the interactions of physical, chemical and biological components of the [[environment (biophysical)|environment]], with a particular regard to the effect of human activities and the impact on [[biodiversity]] and [[sustainability]]. This science also draws upon expertise from other fields such as economics, law and social sciences.
 
A comparable discipline is [[oceanography]], as it draws upon a similar breadth of scientific disciplines. Oceanography is sub-categorized into more specialized cross-displines, such as [[physical oceanography]] and [[marine biology]]. As the [[marine ecosystem]] is very large and diverse, marine biology is further divided into many subfields, including specializations in particular [[species]].
 
There are also a subset of cross-disciplinary fields which, by the nature of
the problems that they address, have strong currents that run counter to
specialization. Put another way: In some fields of integrative application,
specialists in more than one field are a key part of most dialog. Such
integrative fields, for example, include [[nanoscience]], [[astrobiology]],
and [[complex system]] [[informatics]].
 
== See also ==
{{Portal|Ecology|Earth flag PD.jpg}}
{{Portal|Environment|Devils Punchbowl Waterfall, New Zealand.jpg}}
{{Wikipedia-Books}}
* [[List of academic disciplines]]
* [[Nature]]
** [[Natural history]]
** [[Natural philosophy]], the precursor of the physical sciences. <!-- but especially physics. ? I can name a 19th century "natural philosopher" palaeontologist for every "natural philosopher" physicist -->
* [[Science]]
** [[Fields of science]]
*** Natural sciences
**** [[Natural Sciences (Durham)]] - Natural Sciences programme at the [[Durham University|University of Durham]], UK
**** [[Natural Sciences Tripos]] University of Cambridge, UK
*** [[Behavioral science]]s
*** [[Social sciences]]
** [[History of science]]
** [[History of technology]]
 
== External links ==
{{Wiktionary}}
* [http://hrst.mit.edu/ The History of Recent Science and Technology]
"https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/ස්වභාවිකවේද" වෙතින් සම්ප්‍රවේශනය කෙරිණි