"දීවාලි" හි සංශෝධන අතර වෙනස්කම්

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29 පේළිය:
වර්තමානයේ දිවාලි ලෙස යොදන වචනය දීපාවලි නම් සංස්කෘත වචනය (පහන් දාමය යන අරුත ඇති) බිදී ආ වචනයකි. දිවාලි උළෙල හා බැදුන විවිධ පුරාවෘත හා වැදගත් සිදුවීම් ඇත. එනිසා මෙම දිනයේ කරන පුජා, මන්ත්‍ර ජපකිරීම් , ස්ත්‍රෝත්‍ර ගායනා වෙනදාට වඩා සියක් වාරයක් ප්‍රබල බව සැලකේ.
 
[[ගොනුව:Krishna Narakasura.jpg|thumbnail|300px|Krishna and Satyabhama fighting Narakasura's armies -Painting from the [[Metropolitan Museum]]]]
Actually it is a 5 day festival with each day having its own legend, customes and rituals.
== Legends of Deepavali ==
 
The Goddess of wealth, Lakshmi took refuge in the ocean of milk when the gods were sent into exile. Lakshmi was reborn during the churning of the ocean known as *Ksheera Sagara Manthan by the Devas and Rakshasas. Lord Vishnu rescued Lakshmi from the prison of King Bali on this day.
 
On the day before Deepavali, Lord Krishna killed the demon king Narakaasura and rescued 16,000 women from his captivity. The celebration of this freedom is the Diwali - a victory festival.
 
The Pandavas returned from their 12 years of vanavas on this day and the people celebrated the day by lighting lamps.
 
Lord Rama killed Ravana on the Vijaya Dashami and returned to Ayodhya on this day and the people of Ayodhya celebrated the occasion by decorating the entire city with lamps.
 
On this day Lakshmi goes around visiting her devotees and sets up residence in the house she finds best spruced up and most hospitable. Diwali is an occasion for cleaning, painting the walls, decorating the floor with attractive rangoli designs.
 
The great king Vikramaditya was coronated on the this day which started the Vikrama era and the people of Ujjain celebrated it by lighting lamps.
 
This is also the nirvana or passing away day of the great Mahavira Jain. The lighting of the lamps is a symbolic substitute for the light knowledge that was extinguished with Mahavira's passing.
 
Guru Har Gobind Ji (1595-1644), the sixth Guru of Sikhism, who was imprisoned along with 52 other Hindu kings at Fort Gwalior by Emperor [[Jahangir]] was released on this day. After freeing the other prisoners, he went to the [[Harmandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple) in the holy city of Amritsar, where he was welcomed happily by the people who lit candles and diyas to greet the Guru.
 
Diwali is also a harvest festival and marks the start of the Lunar year. A lot of people, especially the Gujaratis and the Marwaris, celebrate it as the starting of the New Year and close their old account books and start writing the new year account books.
 
One of the rituals traditionally associated with Diwali is gambling.
 
Buying new clothes, exchange gifts and sweets with friends and neighbors, lighting of lamps and candles and lots of fireworks and doing Lakshmi Pooja are the most common rituals associated with Diwali.
 
== Variety in Celebrating Deepavali ==
 
Deepavali is celebrated as the homecoming of [[Rama]] after a 14-year exile in the forest and his victory over [[Ravana]] at many places of India and Nepal. <ref>[http://www.swargarohan.org/Ramayana/Uttar-Kand.htm Ramcharitmanas, Uttarkand]</ref> The people of Ayodhya (the capital of his kingdom) welcomed Rama by lighting rows (avali) of lamps (dĭpa), thus its name: ''dīpāwali''.
 
In South India, it marks the victory of [[Krishna]] over [[Narakasura]]. Over time, this word transformed into Diwali in Hindi and Dipawali in Nepali, but still retained its original form in South and East Indian Languages. In Dravidian languages it is called as Deepavali and the same is used in [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]].{{fact}}
 
In [[Jainism]], Diwali marks the attainment of [[nirvana]] by [[Mahavira]].<ref>{{citation | year=2006 | title = Fairs and Festivals of India | author1=S.P. Sharma | author2=Seema Gupta | publisher=Pustak Mahal | isbn=9788122309515 | page=79 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wPPr9HdmnHcC&pg=PA79&dq=diwali+mahavira+527}}</ref>
 
Deepavali has been significant in [[Sikhism]] since the illumination of the town of [[Amritsar]] commemorating the return of [[Guru Har Gobind Ji]]. Sikhs often refer to Diwali also as Bandi Chhorh Divas - "the day of release of detainees."
 
The festival is also celebrated by Buddhists in [[Nepal]], particularly the [[Newar]] [[Buddhists]].
In India and Nepal, Diwali is now considered to be a national festival, and the aesthetic aspect of the festival is enjoyed by most Indians and Nepalese regardless of faith.<ref>[http://festivals.iloveindia.com/diwali/history-of-diwali.html History of Diwali]</ref>
 
== Occasion ==
 
As per North [[Indian calendar]], the five day festival of Diwali is centered on the new moon day in the month of [[Kartika]], beginning on the 13th day of the dark half of [[Kartika]] (Kartika 13th) and ending on the 2nd day of the bright half of [[Kartika]] (Kartika 18th).
 
As per South [[Indian calendar]], the five day festival of Diwali is centered on the new moon day that ends the month of [[Ashwin]] and begins the month of [[Kartika]], beginning on the 13th day of the dark half of [[Ashwin]] (Ashwin 28th) and ending on the 2nd day of the bright half of [[Kartika]] (Kartika 2nd).
 
The main day of celebration varies regionally.<ref>[http://www.mahavidya.ca/?page_id=80 mahavidya:Resources for the Scholarly Study of the Hindu Tradition - Divali]</ref><ref>[http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/calendar/deepavali.html When is Deepavali (Diwali)?]</ref>
 
In the [[Gregorian calendar]], it falls generally in the months of October or November. In Nepal, it is celebrated according to [[Nepal Sambat|Nepalese calendar]]. The festival marks the last three days and the first two days of Nepalese era.
 
== Spiritual significance ==
 
While Diwali is popularly known as the "festival of lights", the most significant spiritual meaning is "the awareness of the inner light".
 
Central to Sanatana Dharma is the assertion that there is something beyond the physical body and mind which is pure, infinite, and eternal, called the [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]]. Just as we celebrate the birth of our physical being, Diwali is the celebration of this inner light, in particular the knowing of which outshines all darkness (removes all obstacles and dispels all ignorance), awakening the individual to one's true nature, not as the body, but as the unchanging, infinite, [[Immanence|immanent]] and [[Transcendence (religion)|transcendent]] reality. With the realization of the Atman comes universal compassion, love, and the awareness of the oneness of all things (higher knowledge). This brings Ananda (inner joy or peace).
 
The gunas are the underlying forces or tendencies which one needs to have unaffected, direct relation with in order to find effectiveness and righteousness in life: they are lines of potential and illuminate thought and action, thus the inner meaning of Diwali being the festival of lights.
 
Deepavali celebrates this through festive fireworks, lights, flowers, sharing of sweets, and worship. While the story behind Diwali varies from region to region, the essence is the same - to rejoice in the inner light ([[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]]) or the underlying reality of all things ([[Brahman]]).
[[ගොනුව:Krishna Narakasura.jpg|thumbnail|300px|Krishna and Satyabhama fighting Narakasura's armies -Painting from the [[Metropolitan Museum]]]]
 
=== The Five days ===
Diwali celebrations are spread over five days in India and all over the world. All the days except Diwali are named according to their designation in the [[හින්දු]] calendar.
 
[[ගොනුව:Knadil.JPG|thumbnail|දකුණ|Diwali being festival of lights, across India people celebrate it via symbolic diyas or [[kandil]]s (colorful paper lanterns) as an integral part of Diwali decorations.]]
[[ගොනුව:The Rangoli of Lights.jpg|thumbnail|[[Rangoli]], decorations made from colored powder, is popular during Diwali]]
# ''Vasu Baras'' (27 ''[[Ashvin]]'' or 12 ''[[Paksha|Krishna Paksha]] [[Ashvin]]''): Baras means 12th day and vasu means cow. On this day cow and calf are worshipped.
# ''[[Dhanteras|Dhanatrayodashi or Dhan teras]]'' (28 ''[[Ashvin]]''/ 13''[[kartika]] or 13 ''[[Paksha|Krishna Paksha]] [[Ashvin]]/[[kartika]]''): On this day, Dhanvantari, an incarnation of Vishnu, the God of health and welfare is worshipped. People buy new clothes, new vessels, gold and silver etc. because this is the day that he arose from the ocean during the famous Samudra Manthan. The word "Dhan" means wealth. Hence goddess Lakshmi is worshiped by performing Laxmi Puja in the evenings and lights are lit.
There is a custom in Maharashtra to lightly pound dry coriander seeds with jaggery and offer as Naivedya.
A very interesting story about this day is of the sixteen year old son of King Hima. As per his horoscope he was doomed to die by a snake-bite on the fourth day of his marriage. On that particular fourth day of his marriage his young wife did not allow him to sleep. She laid all the ornaments and lots of gold and silver coins in a big heap at the entrance of her husband's boudoir and lighted innumerable lamps all over the place. And she went on telling stories and singing songs.
When Yama, the god of Death arrived there in the guise of a Serpent his eyes got blinded by that dazzle of those brilliant lights and he could not enter the Prince's chamber. So he climbed on top of the heap of the ornaments and coins and sat there whole night listening to the melodious songs. In the morning he quietly went away. Thus the young wife saved her husband from the clutches of death. Since then this day of Dhanteras came to be known as the day of "Yamadeepdaan" and lamps are kept burning throughout the night in reverential adoration to Yam, the god of Death. God Yama is worshiped on this day to provide prosperity and well being.
In villages cattle are adorned and worshiped by farmers as they form the main source of their income.
# ''[[Naraka Chaturdashi]]'' (29 ''[[Ashvin]]'' or 14 ''[[Paksha|Krishna Paksha]] [[Ashvin]]''): ''Chaturdashi'' is the fourteenth day on which demon Narakasura was killed by god [[Krishna]] - an inacranation of god [[Vishnu]]. It signifies the victory of good over evil and light over darkness (Gujarati: Kali Chaudas, Rajasthan : Roop Chaudas). In south India, this is the actual day of festivities. Hindus wake up well before dawn, as early as two in the morning, have a fragrant oil bath and wear new clothes. They light small lamps all around the house and draw elaborate [[kolam]]s /[[rangoli]]s outside their homes. They perform a special [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] with offerings to Krishna or Vishnu, as he liberated the world from the demon Narakasura on this day. It is believed that taking a bath before sunrise, when the stars are still visible in the sky is equivalent to taking a bath in the holy [[Ganges]]. After the puja, children burst firecrackers heralding the defeat of the demon. As this is a day of rejoicing, many will have very elaborate breakfasts and lunches and meet family and friends.
# ''[[Lakshmi Puja]]'' (30 ''[[Ashvin]]'' or 15 ''[[Paksha|Krishna Paksha]] [[Ashvin]]''): Lakshmi Puja marks the most important day of Diwali celebrations in North India. Hindu homes worship [[Lakshmi]], the goddess of wealth, and [[Ganesh]], the God of auspicious beginnings, and then light lamps all across the streets and homes to welcome prosperity and well-being.
# ''[[Bali Pratipada]]'' and ''[[Govardhan Puja]]'' (1 ''[[Kartika (month)|Kartika]]'' or 1 ''[[Paksha|Shukla Paksha]] [[Kartika (month)|Kartika]]'') : In North India, this day is celebrated as Govardhan Puja, also called ''Annakut'', is celebrated as the day [[Krishna]] - an incaranation of god [[Vishnu]] - defeated god [[Indra]] and by the lifting of [[Govardhana hill]] to save his kinsmen and cattle from rain and floods. For ''Annakut'', a mountain of food is decorated symbolizing Govardhan hill lifted by Krishna. In [[Maharashtra]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Karnataka]], it is celebrated as Bali-Pratipada or Bali Padyami. The day commemorates the victory of Vishnu in his dwarf form [[Vamana]] over demon-king [[Mahabali|Bali]], who was pushed to the nether world and the return of Bali to earth from the nether-world. In Maharashtra, it is called as ''Padava'' or ''Nava Diwas'' ("new day"). Men present gifts to their wives on this day. It is celebrated as the first day of the [[Vikram Samvat]] calender, in [[Gujarat]].
# ''[[Bhaiduj]]'' (also Bhayyaduj, Bhaubeej or Bhayitika) (2 ''[[Kartika (month)|Kartika]]''or 2 ''[[Paksha|Shukla Paksha]] [[Kartika (month)|Kartika]]''): on this day, brothers and sisters meet to express their love and affection for each other (Gujarati: Bhai Bij, Bengali: Bhai Phota). Most Indian festivals bring together families, Bhaiduj brings together sisters and brothers, and is a significant festive day for them. This festival is ancient, and pre-dates '[[Raksha Bandhan]]' another brother-sister festival celebrated in the present day.
 
=== Lakshmi Puja ===
{{මූලික|Lakshmi Puja}}
Diwali marks the end of the harvest season in most of India and Nepal. Farmers are thankful for the plentiful bounty of the year gone by, and pray for a good harvest for the year to come. Traditionally this marked the closing of accounts for businesses dependent on the agrarian cycle, and the last major celebration before winter. The deity of Lakshmi symbolizes wealth and prosperity, and her blessings are invoked for a good year ahead.
There are two legends that associate the worship of [[Lakshmi]] on this day. According to the first legend, on this day, Lakshmi emerged from Kshira Sagar, the Ocean of Milk, during the great churning of the oceans, [[Samudra manthan]]. The second legend (more popular in western India) relates to the [[Vamana]] avatar of [[Vishnu]], the incarnation he took to kill the demon king [[Bali]]. Thereafter it was on this day, that Vishnu came back to his abode, the [[Vaikuntha]]; so those who worship Lakshmi on this day, get the benefit of her benevolent mood, and are blessed with mental, physical and material well-being.<ref>[http://www.indiaexpress.com/faith/festivals/dhistory.html Diwali History]</ref>
 
As per spiritual references, on this day "Lakshmi-panchayatan" enters the Universe. Vishnu, Indra, Kubera ,Gajendra and Lakshmi are elements of this "panchayatan" (a group of five).
The tasks of these elements are:
 
* [[Vishnu]]: Happiness (happiness and satisfaction)
* [[Indra]]: Opulence (satisfaction due to wealth)
* [[Kubera]]: Wealth (Generosity; one who gives away wealth)
* Gajendra: Carries the wealth
* [[Lakshmi]]: Divine Energy ([[Shakti]]) which provides energy to all the above activities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindujagruti.org/hinduism/festivals/diwali/details.php|work=hindujagruti.org|title= Importance of various days of Diwali|accessdate=2008-10-11}}</ref>
 
== In Jainism ==
[[Image:PavaPansara.jpg|thumb|right|Replica of Pava temple at Pansara.
Mahavira attained Nirvana at [[Pawapuri|Pava]].]]
Diwali has a very special significance in [[Jainism]], just like [[Buddha Purnima]], the date of Buddha's [[Nirvana]], is for Buddhists as [[Christmas]] is for Christians. [[Lord Mahavira]], the last of the [[Jain]] [[Tirthankar]]as, attained [[Nirvana]] or [[Moksha]] on this day at [[Pavapuri]] on Oct. 15, 527 BC, on Chaturdashi of Kartika, as Tilyapannatti of [[Yativrsabha|Yativrashaba]] from the sixth century states:
 
Mahavira is responsible for establishing the [[Dharma]] followed by Jains even today. According to tradition, the chief disciple of [[Mahavira]], Ganadhara [[Gautam Swami]] also attained complete knowledge (Kevalgyana) on this day, thus making Diwali one of the most important Jain festivals.
 
Mahavira attained his nirvana at the dawn of the [[amavasya]] (new moon). According to the [[Kalpasutra]] by [[Acharya]] [[Bhadrabahu]], 3rd century BC, many gods were present there, illuminating the darkness<ref>{{cite book|title=Sacred Books of the East|volume=22: Gaina Sutras Part I|first=Hermann|last=Jacobi|year=1884}}</ref>. The following night was pitch black without the light of the gods or the moon. To symbolically keep the light of their master's knowledge alive:
 
<blockquote>
16 Gana-kings, 9 Malla and 9 Lichchhavi, of Kasi and Kosal, illuminated their doors. They said: "Since the light of knowledge is gone, we will make light of ordinary matter" ("गये से भवुज्जोये, दव्वुज्जोयं करिस्समो").
</blockquote>
 
Dipavali was first mentioned in [[Jain]] books as the date of the [[nirvana]] of [[Mahavira]]. In fact, the oldest reference to Diwali is a related word, dipalikaya, which occurs in Harivamsha-Purana, written by Acharya [[Jinasena]] <ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian literature|volume=2|year=1988|first=Sahitya|last=Akademi|isbn=8126011947}}</ref> and composed in the [[Saka Era|Shaka Samvat]] era in the year 705.
 
<blockquote>
ततस्तुः लोकः प्रतिवर्षमादरत् प्रसिद्धदीपलिकयात्र भारते |<br />
समुद्यतः पूजयितुं जिनेश्वरं जिनेन्द्र-निर्वाण विभूति-भक्तिभाक् |२० |<br />
tatastuh lokah prativarsham-araat
ako <br />
prasiddha-deepalikaya-aatra bharate<br />
samudyatah poojayitum jineshvaram<br />
jinendra-nirvana vibhuti-bhaktibhak
</blockquote>
 
<blockquote>
Translation: The gods illuminated Pavanagari by lamps to mark the occasion. Since that time, the people of Bharat celebrate the famous festival of "Dipalika" to worship the Jinendra (i.e. Lord Mahavira) on the occasion of his nirvana.
</blockquote>
 
Dipalikaya roughly translates as "light leaving the body". Dipalika, which can be roughly translated as "splenderous light of lamps", is used interchangeably with the word "Diwali".
 
The way Jains celebrate Diwali is different in many respects. There is a note of asceticism in whatever the Jains do, and the celebration of Diwali is not an exception. The Jains celebrate Diwali during the month of Kartik for three days. During this period, among the Shvetambaras, devoted Jains observe fasting and chant the Uttaradhyayan Sutra, which contain the final pravachans of Lord Mahavira, and meditate upon him. Some Jains visit [[Pavapuri]] in Bihar where he attained Nirvan. In may temples special laddus are offered particularly on this day.
 
'''Vira Nirvana [[Samvat]]''': The Jain year starts with Pratipada following Diwali. Vira Nirvana [[Samvat]] 2534 starts with Diwali 2007. The Jain businesspeople traditionally started their accounting year from Diwali. The relationship between the Vir and Shaka era is given in Titthogali Painnaya and Dhavalaa by Acharya [[Virasena]]:<br />
पंच य मासा पंच य वास छच्चेव होन्ति वाससया|<br />
परिणिव्वुअस्स अरिहितो तो उप्पन्नो सगो राया||
 
Thus the Nirvana occurred 605 years and 5 months before the Saka era.
 
On 21 October 1974 the 2500th Nirvana Mahotsava was celebrated by all the Jain throughout India<ref name="N. Upadhye, Review 1982 pp. 231-232"/>.
 
== Significance in Sikhism ==
The story of Diwali for the [[Sikhs]] is a story of the Sikh struggle for freedom. From the time of [[Guru Nanak]] (1469 – 1539), the founder of [[Sikhism]].When the Muslim king was ruling he locked up the Guru but while the king had tried to make him eat he refused and fasted. It was then realized that outside the palace people had gathered around with lanterns, candles, torches and protested to set the Guru free and the king had eventually agreed that his greediness had got in the way of his responsibilities and released the Guru and the people celebrated his release known as Diwali.
=== Bandi Chhorh Divas ===
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Deepawali.jpg|thumb|right|Shri Darbar Sahib, [[Amritsar]] being lit up for Diwali.]] -->
For [[Sikhs]], Diwali is particularly important because it celebrates the release from prison of the sixth guru, [[Guru Hargobind Ji]], (hence also called "'''Bandi Chhorh Diwas'''" or "the day of release of detainees") and 52 other princes with him, from the Gwalior Fort in 1619.
 
The Mughal Emperor [[Jahangir]] had imprisoned Guru Har Gobind Ji and 52 other rajas (princes). Emperor Jahangir had imprisoned the sixth Guru because he was afraid of the Guru's growing, following and power. The Emperor was asked to release Guru Hargobind which he agreed to do. However, Guru Hargobind asked that the princes be released also. The Emperor agreed, but said only those who could hold onto his cloak tail would be allowed to leave the prison. This was in order to limit the number of prisoners who could leave.
 
However, Guru Hargobind had made a large cloak with 52 tassels and so each prince was able to hold onto one tassel and leave prison.
 
Sikhs celebrated the return of Guru Hargobind Ji by lighting the Golden Temple and this tradition continues today.
 
=== Martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh Ji ===
"https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/දීවාලි" වෙතින් සම්ප්‍රවේශනය කෙරිණි