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"අන්තර්ජාල ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය" හි සංශෝධන අතර වෙනස්කම්

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'''අන්තර්ජාල ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය''' හෙවත් ('''අයිපී''') යනු [[සන්නිවේදන ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය|සන්නිවේදන ප්‍රොටෝකෝලයේ]] ප්‍රධානියා වන අතර මෙය [[දත්ත රැස්කිරීම]] ප්‍රතියෝජක (පොදි) හරහා [[අන්තර්ජාලකාර්යය]] භාවිතා කරමින් [[අන්තර්ජාල ප්‍රොටෝකෝල කට්ටලය]] වේ. Responsible for routing packets across network boundaries, it is the primary protocol that establishes the [[Internet]].▼
 
 
▲'''අන්තර්ජාල ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය''' හෙවත් ('''අයිපී''') යනු [[සන්නිවේදන ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය|සන්නිවේදන ප්‍රොටෝකෝලයේ]] ප්‍රධානියා වන අතර මෙය [[දත්ත රැස්කිරීම]] ප්‍රතියෝජක (පොදි) හරහා [[අන්තර්ජාලකාර්යය]] භාවිතා කරමින් [[අන්තර්ජාල ප්‍රොටෝකෝල කට්ටලය]] වේ. Responsible for routing packets across network boundaries, it is the primary protocol that establishes the [[Internet]].
 
IP is the primary protocol in the [[Internet Layer]] of the Internet Protocol Suite and has the task of delivering datagrams from the source [[Host (network)|host]] to the destination host solely based on their [[IP address|addresses]]. For this purpose, IP defines addressing methods and structures for datagram [[encapsulation (networking)|encapsulation]].
 
Historically, IP was the connectionless datagram service in the original Transmission Control Program introduced by [[Vint Cerf]] and [[Bob Kahn]] in 1974, the other being the connection-oriented [[Transmission Control Protocol]] (TCP). The Internet Protocol Suite is therefore often referred to as TCP/IP.
 
The first major version of IP, now referred to as [[IPv4|Internet Protocol Version 4]] (IPv4) is the dominant protocol of the Internet, although the successor, [[IPv6|Internet Protocol Version 6]] (IPv6) is in active, growing deployment worldwide.
 
== සේවා සැපයීම් ==
අන්තර්ජාල ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය is responsible for addressing hosts and routing datagrams ([[packet (information technology)|packets]]) from a source host to the destination host across one or more IP networks. For this purpose the Internet Protocol defines an addressing system that has two functions. Addresses identify hosts and provide a logical location service. Each packet is tagged with a header that contains the meta-data for the purpose of delivery. This process of tagging is also called encapsulation.
 
IP is a [[connectionless protocol]] and does not need [[telecommunication circuit|circuit]] setup prior to transmission.
 
== විශ්වසනීයත්වය ==
The design principles of the Internet protocols assume that the network infrastructure is inherently unreliable at any single network element or transmission medium and that it is dynamic in terms of availability of links and nodes. No central monitoring or performance measurement facility exists that tracks or maintains the state of the network. For the benefit of reducing network complexity, the intelligence in the network is purposely mostly located in the end nodes of each data transmission, cf. [[end-to-end principle]]. [[Router]]s in the transmission path simply forward packets to the next known local gateway matching the routing prefix for the destination address.
 
As a consequence of this design, the Internet Protocol only provides [[best effort delivery]] and its service can also be characterized as ''unreliable''. In network architectural language it is a ''connection-less'' protocol, in contrast to so-called [[connection-oriented]] modes of transmission. The lack of reliability allows any of the following fault events to occur:
* data corruption
* lost data packets
* duplicate arrival
* out-of-order packet delivery; meaning, if packet 'A' is sent before packet 'B', packet 'B' may arrive before packet 'A'. Since routing is dynamic and there is no memory in the network about the path of prior packets, it is possible that the first packet sent takes a longer path to its destination.
 
The only assistance that the Internet Protocol provides in Version 4 (IPv4) is to ensure that the IP packet header is error-free through computation of a [[checksum]] at the routing nodes. This has the side-effect of discarding packets with bad headers on the spot. In this case no notification is required to be sent to either end node, although a facility exists in the [[Internet Control Message Protocol]] (ICMP) to do so.
 
IPv6, on the other hand, has abandoned the use of IP header checksums for the benefit of rapid forwarding through routing elements in the network.
 
The resolution or correction of any of these reliability issues is the responsibility of an [[upper layer protocol]]. For example, to ensure in-order delivery the upper layer may have to cache data until it can be passed to the application.
 
In addition to issues of reliability, this dynamic nature and the diversity of the Internet and its components provide no guarantee that any particular path is actually capable of, or suitable for, performing the data transmission requested, even if the path is available and reliable. One of the technical constraints is the size of data packets allowed on a given link. An application must assure that it uses proper transmission characteristics. Some of this responsibility lies also in the upper layer protocols between application and IP. Facilities exist to examine the [[maximum transmission unit]] (MTU) size of the local link, as well as for the entire projected path to the destination when using IPv6. The IPv4 internetworking layer has the capability to automatically [[IP fragmentation|fragment]] the original datagram into smaller units for transmission. In this case, IP does provide re-ordering of fragments delivered out-of-order.<ref>Siyan, Karanjit. ''Inside TCP/IP'', New Riders Publishing, 1997. ISBN 1-56205-714-6</ref>
 
[[Transmission Control Protocol]] (TCP) is an example of a protocol that will adjust its segment size to be smaller than the MTU. [[User Datagram Protocol]] (UDP) and [[Internet Control Message Protocol]] (ICMP) disregard MTU size thereby forcing IP to fragment oversized datagrams.<ref>[http://www.securityfocus.com/infocus/1870 Basic Journey of a Packet]</ref>
 
== අයිපී ලිපිනකරණය සහ මං සැකසුම ==
Perhaps the most complex aspects of IP are [[IP address]]ing and [[routing]]. Addressing refers to how end hosts become assigned IP addresses and how subnetworks of IP host addresses are divided and grouped together. IP routing is performed by all hosts, but most importantly by internetwork routers, which typically use either [[interior gateway protocol]]s (IGPs) or [[Exterior Gateway Protocol|external gateway protocols]] (EGPs) to help make IP datagram forwarding decisions across IP connected networks.
 
== සංස්කරණ ඉතිහාසය ==
In May 1974, the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers]] (IEEE) published a paper entitled "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection."<ref>Vinton G. Cerf, Robert E. Kahn, "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication", IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 22, No. 5, May 1974 pp. 637-648</ref> The paper's authors, [[Vint Cerf]] and [[Bob Kahn]], described an internetworking protocol for sharing resources using packet-switching among the nodes. A central control component of this model was the "Transmission Control Program" (TCP) that incorporated both connection-oriented links and datagram services between hosts. The monolithic Transmission Control Program was later divided into a modular architecture consisting of the [[Transmission Control Protocol]] at the connection-oriented layer and the Internet Protocol at the internetworking (datagram) layer. The model became known informally as TCP/IP, although formally it was henceforth referenced as the [[Internet Protocol Suite]].
 
The Internet Protocol is one of the determining elements that define the [[Internet]]. The dominant internetworking protocol in the [[Internet Layer]] in use today is [[IPv4]]; with number 4 assigned as the formal protocol version number carried in every IP datagram. IPv4 is described in RFC 791 (1981).
 
The successor to IPv4 is [[IPv6]]. Its most prominent modification from version 4 is the addressing system. IPv4 uses [[32-bit]] addresses (c. 4 [[1,000,000,000 (number)|billion]], or {{අගය|4.3|e=9}}, addresses) while IPv6 uses [[128-bit]] addresses (c. 340 [[undecillion]], or {{අගය|3.4|e=38}} addresses). Although adoption of IPv6 has been slow, as of June 2008, all [[United States government]] systems have demonstrated basic infrastructure support for IPv6 (if only at the backbone level).<ref>[http://www.gcn.com/print/25_16/41051-1.html CIO council adds to IPv6 transition primer<!-- Bot generated title -->], gcn.com</ref>
 
Version numbers 0 through 3 were development versions of IPv4 used between 1977 and 1979.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} Version number 5 was used by the [[Internet Stream Protocol]], an experimental streaming protocol. Version numbers 6 through 9 were proposed for various protocol models designed to replace IPv4: SIPP (Simple Internet Protocol Plus, known now as IPv6), TP/IX (RFC 1475), PIP (RFC 1621) and TUBA (TCP and UDP with Bigger Addresses, RFC 1347). Version number 6 was eventually chosen as the official assignment for the successor Internet protocol, subsequently standardized as [[IPv6]].
 
A humorous [[Request for Comments]] that made an IPv9 protocol center of its storyline was published on April 1, 1994 by the [[IETF]].<ref>RFC 1606: A Historical Perspective On The Usage Of IP Version 9. April 1, 1994.</ref> It was intended as an [[April Fool's Day]] joke. Other protocol proposals named "IPv9" and "IPv8" have also briefly surfaced, though these came with little or no support from the wider industry and academia.<ref>[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/07/06/ipv9_hype_dismissed/ Theregister.com]</ref>
 
== නිර්දේශ රූප සටහන් ==
{|
| [[ගොනුව:IP stack connections.svg|thumb|none|250px|Internet Protocol Suite in operation between two hosts connected via two [[router]]s and the corresponding layers used at each hop]]
| [[ගොනුව:UDP encapsulation.svg|thumb|none|300px|Sample encapsulation of application data from [[User Datagram Protocol|UDP]] to a Link protocol frame]]
|}
 
== සිදුවිය හැකි අනතුරු ==
The Internet Protocol is vulnerable to a variety of attacks. A thorough vulnerability assessment, along with proposed mitigations, was published in 2008 <ref>[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090326202543/http://www.cpni.gov.uk/Docs/InternetProtocol.pdf Security Assessment of the Internet Protocol (IP)]</ref>, and is currently being pursued within the [[IETF]].<ref>[http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-opsec-ip-security Security Assessment of the Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)]</ref>
 
== මේවාද බලන්න ==
{{colbegin|3}}
*[[Outline of the Internet]]
*[[List of Internet topics]]
* [[All IP]]
* [[Asynchronous Transfer Mode|ATM]]
* [[Connectionless protocol]]
* [[Flat IP]]
* [[Geolocation software]]
* [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority|IANA]]
* [[Internet]]
* [[Internet Protocol Suite]]
* [[Internet Stream Protocol]]
* [[ip (struct)|ip]] - the ip structure for the [[C (programming language)|C programming language]]
* [[IP address]]
* [[IP fragmentation]]
* [[IPv4]] (including [[IPv4#Packet structure|packet structure]])
* [[IPv4 address exhaustion]]
* [[IPv6]] (and [[IPv6 packet|packet structure]])
* [[Packet (information technology)|Packet]]
* [[TCP and UDP port numbers]]
* [[Time-division multiplexing|TDM]]
* [[Transmission Control Protocol]]
{{colend}}
 
== විමර්ශන ==
{{Reflist}}
 
== බාහිර සැබැදි ==
{{Wiktionary}}
* {{dmoz|Computers/Internet/Protocols}}
* RFC 791
* [http://www.ict.tuwien.ac.at/skripten/datenkomm/infobase/L30-IP_Technology_Basics_v4-6.pdf Data Communication Lectures of Manfred Lindner - Part IP Technology Basics]
* [http://www.ict.tuwien.ac.at/skripten/datenkomm/infobase/L31-IP_Technology_Details_v4-7.pdf Data Communication Lectures of Manfred Lindner - Part IP Technology Details]
* [http://www.ict.tuwien.ac.at/skripten/datenkomm/infobase/L80-IPv6_v4-5.pdf Data Communication Lectures of Manfred Lindner - Part IPv6]
* [http://www.ipv6.com IPv6.com - Knowledge Center for Next Generation Internet IPv6]
 
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Internet Protocol| ]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Internet Layer protocols]]
"https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/අන්තර්ජාල_ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය" වෙතින් සම්ප්‍රවේශනය කෙරිණි