විකිපීඩියා

"ව්‍යාප්ත වසංගත" හි සංශෝධන අතර වෙනස්කම්

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35 පේළිය:
* [[Antonine Plague]], 165–180. Possibly [[smallpox]] brought to the Italian peninsula by soldiers returning from the Near East; it killed a quarter of those infected, and up to five million in all.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4381924.stm Past pandemics that ravaged Europe]. ''BBC News'', November 7. 2005</ref> At the height of a second outbreak, the [[Plague of Cyprian]] (251–266), which may have been the same disease, 5,000 people a day were said to be dying in [[Rome]].
* [[Plague of Justinian]], from 541 to 750, was the first recorded outbreak of the [[bubonic plague]]. It started in [[ඊජිප්තුව]], and reached [[Constantinople]] the following spring, killing (according to the Byzantine chronicler [[Procopius]]) 10,000 a day at its height, and perhaps 40% of the city's inhabitants. The plague went on to eliminate a quarter to a half of the [[human population]] that it struck throughout the known world. <ref>[http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521846390&ss=fro Cambridge Catalogue page "Plague and the End of Antiquity"]</ref><ref>[http://www.speakeasy-forum.com/lofiversion/index.php/t18579.html Quotes from book "Plague and the End of Antiquity"] Lester K. Little, ed., ''Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541-750'', Cambridge, 2006. ISBN 0-521-84639-0</ref> It caused [[Medieval demography|Europe's population]] to drop by around 50% between 550 and 700.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-diseases/plague-article.html |title=Plague, Plague Information, Black Death Facts, News, Photos{{–}} National Geographic |publisher=Science.nationalgeographic.com |date= |accessdate=2008-11-03}}</ref>
* [[Black Death]], started 1300s. The total number of deaths worldwide is estimated at 75 million people.<ref>[http://www.museumoflondonarchaeology.org.uk/English/News/Archive/News08/blackdeathcemetery.htm New MOL Archaeology monograph: Black Death cemetery]. ''Archaeology at the Museum of London.''</ref> Eight hundred years after the last outbreak, the [[plague (disease)|plague]] returned to [[Europeයුරෝපය]]. Starting in [[ආසියාව]], the disease reached Mediterranean and western Europe in 1348 (possibly from Italian merchants fleeing fighting in the [[Crimea]]), and killed an estimated 20 to 30 million Europeans in six years;<ref>[http://www.medhunters.com/articles/deathOnAGrandScale.html Death on a Grand Scale]. ''MedHunters.''</ref> a third of the total population,<ref>Stéphane Barry and Norbert Gualde, in ''[[L'Histoire]]'' n° 310, June 2006, pp.45–46, say "between one-third and two-thirds"; Robert Gottfried (1983). "Black Death" in ''[[Dictionary of the Middle Ages]]'', volume 2, pp.257–67, says "between 25 and 45&nbsp;percent".</ref> and up to a half in the worst-affected urban areas.<ref>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Plague Plague - LoveToKnow 1911]. 1911encyclopedia.org.</ref> It was the first of a cycle of European [[List of historical plagues|plague epidemics]] that continued until the 18th century.<ref>[http://urbanrim.org.uk/plague%20list.htm "A List of National Epidemics of Plague in England 1348-1665"]</ref> During this period, more than 100 plague epidemics swept across Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2004/may/16/health.books |title=Black Death blamed on man, not rats &#124; UK news &#124; The Observer |publisher=The Observer |author=Jo Revill |date= |accessdate=2008-11-03}}</ref> In England, for example, epidemics would continue in 2- to 5-year cycles from 1361 to 1480.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/preparedness/bt_public_history_plague.shtm |title=Texas Department of State Health Services, History of Plague |publisher=Dshs.state.tx.us |date= |accessdate=2008-11-03}}</ref> By the 1370s, England's population was reduced by 50%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/black_09.shtml |title=BBC{{–}} History{{–}} Black Death |publisher=bbc.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2008-11-03}}</ref> The [[Great Plague of London]] of 1665–66 was the last major outbreak of the [[Black Death in England|plague in England]]. The disease killed an estimated 100,000 people, 20% of London's population.<ref>[http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/contagion/plague.html The Great Plague of London, 1665]. ''The Harvard University Library, Open Collections Program: Contagion.''</ref>
* [[Third Pandemic]], started in China in the middle of the 19th century, spreading plague to all inhabited continents and killing 10 million people in India alone.<ref>[http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/zoonotic/en/index4.html Plague]. ''World Health Organization.''</ref> During this pandemic, the United States saw its first case of plague in 1900 in [[San Francisco]].<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dm00bu.html Bubonic plague hits San Francisco 1900 - 1909]. ''A Science Odyssey. Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).''</ref> Today, isolated cases of plague are still found in the western United States.<ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00026077.htm Human Plague -- United States, 1993-1994], Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</ref>
 
127 පේළිය:
[[Malaria]] is widespread in [[Tropics|tropical]] and subtropical regions, including parts of the [[Americas]], [[ආසියාව]], and [[Africa]]. Each year, there are approximately 350–500 million cases of malaria.<ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/facts.htm Malaria Facts]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.''</ref> [[Drug resistance]] poses a growing problem in the treatment of malaria in the 21st century, since resistance is now common against all classes of antimalarial drugs, with the exception of the artemisinins.<ref>{{cite journal |author=White NJ |title=Antimalarial drug resistance |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=113 |issue=8 |pages=1084–92 |year=2004 |month=April |pmid=15085184 |pmc=385418 |doi=10.1172/JCI21682}}</ref>
 
Malaria was once common in most of [[Europeයුරෝපය]] and [[North America]], where it is now for all purposes non-existent.<ref>[http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780511254819&ss=exc Vector- and Rodent-Borne Diseases in Europe and North America]. Norman G. Gratz. ''World Health Organization, Geneva.''</ref> Malaria may have contributed to the decline of the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1180469.stm DNA clues to malaria in ancient Rome]. ''BBC News.'' February 20, 2001.</ref> The disease became known as "[[Roman Fever (disease)|Roman fever]]".<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/perspective/stories/s776423.htm "Malaria and Rome"]. Robert Sallares. ''ABC.net.au.'' January 29, 2003.</ref> ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]'' became a real threat to colonists and [[indigenous people]] alike when it was introduced into the Americas along with the [[slave trade]]. Malaria devastated the [[Jamestown Settlement|Jamestown]] colony and regularly ravaged the South and Midwest. By 1830 it had reached the Pacific Northwest.<ref>[http://www.washington.edu/uwired/outreach/cspn/Website/Course%20Index/Lessons/7/7.html "The Changing World of Pacific Northwest Indians"]. ''Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest, University of Washington.''</ref> During the [[American Civil War]], there were over 1.2 million cases of malaria among
soldiers of both sides.<ref>[http://www.infoplease.com/cig/dangerous-diseases-epidemics/malaria.html "A Brief History of Malaria"]</ref> The southern U.S. continued to be afflicted with millions of cases of malaria into the 1930s.<ref>[http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0707/feature1/text3.html Malaria]. By Michael Finkel. ''National Geographic Magazine.''</ref>
 
174 පේළිය:
In October 2005, cases of the avian flu (the deadly strain [[H5N1]]) were identified in [[Turkey]]. EU Health Commissioner Markos Kyprianou said: "We have received now confirmation that the virus found in Turkey is an avian flu H5N1 virus. There is a direct relationship with viruses found in Russia, Mongolia and China." Cases of bird flu were also identified shortly thereafter in [[Romania]], and then [[Greece]]. Possible cases of the virus have also been found in [[Croatia]], [[Bulgaria]] and the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4348404.stm |title=Bird flu is confirmed in Greece |work=BBC NEWS |date=17 October 2005}}</ref>
 
By November 2007, numerous confirmed cases of the [[H5N1]] strain had been identified across [[Europeයුරෝපය]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/world/05/bird_flu_map/html/1.stm |title=Bird Flu Map |work=BBC NEWS}}</ref>. However, by the end of October only 59 people had died as a result of H5N1 which was atypical of previous influenza pandemics.
 
Avian flu cannot yet be categorized as a "pandemic", because the virus cannot yet cause sustained and efficient human-to-human transmission. Cases so far are recognized to have been transmitted from bird to human, but as of December 2006 there have been very few (if any) cases of proven human-to-human transmission. Regular influenza viruses establish infection by attaching to receptors in the throat and lungs, but the avian influenza virus can only attach to receptors located deep in the lungs of humans, requiring close, prolonged contact with infected patients, and thus limiting person-to-person transmission.
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