විකිපීඩියා

"ව්‍යාප්ත වසංගත" හි සංශෝධන අතර වෙනස්කම්

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45 පේළිය:
Researchers concluded that [[syphilis]] was carried from the New World to Europe after [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]]' voyages. The findings suggested Europeans could have carried the nonvenereal tropical bacteria home, where the organisms may have mutated into a more deadly form in the different conditions of Europe.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/15/science/15syph.html?_r=1 Genetic Study Bolsters Columbus Link to Syphilis], New York Times, January 15, 2008</ref> The disease was more frequently fatal than it is today. Syphilis was a major killer in Europe during the [[Renaissance]].<ref>[http://www.livescience.com/history/080114-syphilis-columbus.html Columbus May Have Brought Syphilis to Europe], LiveScience</ref> Disease killed more British soldiers in India than war. Between 1736 and 1834 only some 10% of [[East India Company]]'s officers survived to take the final voyage home.<ref>[http://www.asianreviewofbooks.com/arb/article.php?article=610 "Sahib: The British Soldier in India, 1750-1914 by Richard Holmes"]</ref>
 
As early as 1803, the [[Spainස්පාඤ්ඤය|Spanish]] Crown organized a mission (the [[Balmis expedition]]) to transport the smallpox vaccine to the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonies]], and establish mass vaccination programs there.<ref>[http://www.doh.gov.ph/sphh/balmis.htm Dr. Francisco de Balmis and his Mission of Mercy, Society of Philippine Heath History]</ref> By 1832, the federal government of the [[United States]] established a [[Smallpox vaccine|smallpox vaccination]] program for Native Americans.<ref>[http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/wicazo_sa_review/v018/18.2pearson01.html Lewis Cass and the Politics of Disease: The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832]</ref> From the beginning of the 20th century onwards, the elimination or control of disease in tropical countries became a driving force for all [[Colonialism|colonial]] powers.<ref>[http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&EventId=696 Conquest and Disease or Colonialism and Health?], Gresham College | Lectures and Events</ref> The [[sleeping sickness]] epidemic in Africa was arrested due to mobile teams systematically screening millions of people at risk.<ref>{{cite paper
|author=WHO Media centre
|title=Fact sheet N°259: African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness
58 පේළිය:
* [[Fourth cholera pandemic|Fourth pandemic]] 1863–1875. Spread mostly in [[Europe]] and [[Africa]]. At least 30,000 of the 90,000 [[Mecca]] pilgrims fell victim to the disease. Cholera claimed 90,000 lives in Russia in 1866.<ref>[http://www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Myadel/pandemics.htm Eastern European Plagues and Epidemics 1300-1918]</ref>
* In 1866, there was an outbreak in North America. It killed some 50,000 Americans.<ref name=Cholera/>
* [[Fifth cholera pandemic|Fifth pandemic]] 1881-1896. The 1883-1887 epidemic cost 250,000 lives in [[Europe]] and at least 50,000 in [[Americas]]. Cholera claimed 267,890 lives in [[Russian Empire|Russia]] (1892);<ref>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Cholera Cholera - LoveToKnow 1911]</ref> 120,000 in [[Spainස්පාඤ්ඤය]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E05EED7123BE533A25753C2A9609C94619ED7CF |title=The cholera in Spain | publisher=New York Times |date=1890-06-20 |accessdate=2008-12-08}}</ref>; 90,000 in [[Japan]] and 60,000 in [[Iran|Persia]].
* In 1892, cholera contaminated the water supply of [[Hamburg, Germany]], and caused 8606 deaths.<ref>{{cite book|last=Barry|first=John M.|authorlink=John M. Barry|title=The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History|publisher=Viking Penguin|year=2004|isbn=0-670-89473-7|series=}}</ref>
* [[Sixth cholera pandemic|Sixth pandemic]] 1899–1923. Had little effect in Europe because of advances in [[public health]], but Russia was badly affected again (more than 500,000 people dying of cholera during the first quarter of the 20th century).<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics cholera :: Seven pandemics], Britannica Online Encyclopedia</ref> The sixth pandemic killed more than 800,000 in [[India]]. The 1902-1904 cholera epidemic claimed over 200,000 lives in the [[Philippines]].<ref>[http://www.doh.gov.ph/sphh/1900.htm 1900s: The Epidemic Years], Society of Philippine Health History</ref>
101 පේළිය:
=== Typhus ===
 
[[Typhus]] is sometimes called "camp fever" because of its pattern of flaring up in times of strife. (It is also known as "gaol fever" and "ship fever", for its habits of spreading wildly in cramped quarters, such as jails and ships.) Emerging during the [[Crusades]], it had its first impact in Europe in 1489, in [[Spainස්පාඤ්ඤය]]. During fighting between the Christian Spaniards and the Muslims in [[Granada]], the Spanish lost 3,000 to war casualties, and 20,000 to typhus. In 1528, the French lost 18,000 troops in [[Italy]], and lost supremacy in Italy to the Spanish. In 1542, 30,000 soldiers died of typhus while fighting the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] in the Balkans.
 
During the [[Thirty Years' War]] (1618–1648), an estimated 8 million Germans were wiped out by bubonic plague and typhus fever.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,794989,00.html War and Pestilence]. ''TIME.'' April 29, 1940</ref> The disease also played a major role in the destruction of [[Napoleon]]'s ''[[La Grande Armée|Grande Armée]]'' in Russia in 1812. Felix Markham thinks that 450,000 soldiers crossed the [[Neman River|Neman]] on 25 June 1812, of whom less than 40,000 recrossed in anything like a recognizable military formation.<ref>See a large copy of the chart here: http://www.adept-plm.com/Newsletter/NapoleonsMarch.htm, but discussed at length in Edward Tufte, ''The Visual Display of Quantitative Information'' (London: Graphics Press, 1992)</ref> In early 1813 Napoleon raised a new army of 500,000 to replace his Russian losses. In the campaign of that year over 219,000 of Napoleon's soldiers were to die of typhus.<ref name=Typhus/> Typhus played a major factor in the [[Irish Potato Famine]]. During the [[පළමුවන ලෝක යුද්ධය]], typhus epidemics have killed over 150,000 in [[Serbia]]. There were about 25 million infections and 3 million deaths from [[epidemic typhus]]
132 පේළිය:
=== Yellow fever ===
[[Yellow fever]] has been a source of several devastating epidemics.<ref>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Yellow_Fever Yellow Fever - LoveToKnow 1911].</ref> Cities as far north as New York, Philadelphia, and Boston were hit with epidemics. In 1793, the largest [[Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793|yellow fever epidemic]] in U.S. history killed as many as
5,000 people in Philadelphia—roughly 10% of the population.<ref>{{cite web | last=Arnebeck | first=Bob | title=A Short History of Yellow Fever in the US | work=Benjamin Rush, Yellow Fever and the Birth of Modern Medicine | date=January 30, 2008 | url=http://www.geocities.com/bobarnebeck/history.html | accessdate=04-12-2008 }}</ref> About half of the residents had fled the city, including President George Washington. Approximately 300,000 people are believed to have died from yellow fever in [[Spainස්පාඤ්ඤය]] during the 19th century.<ref>[http://www.iberianature.com/material/tigermosquito.htm Tiger mosquitoes and the history of yellow fever and dengue in Spain].</ref> In colonial times, West Africa became known as "the white man's grave" because of malaria and yellow fever.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/15/weekinreview/the-world-africa-s-nations-start-to-be-theirbrothers-keepers.html Africa's Nations Start to Be TheirBrothers' Keepers]. The New York Times, October 15, 1995.</ref>
 
=== Unknown causes ===
"https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/ව්‍යාප්ත_වසංගත" වෙතින් සම්ප්‍රවේශනය කෙරිණි