"ව්‍යාප්ත වසංගත" හි සංශෝධන අතර වෙනස්කම්

* [[First cholera pandemic]] 1816-1826. Previously restricted to the [[Indian subcontinent]], the pandemic began in [[Bengal]], then spread across India by 1820. 10,000 British troops and countless Indians died during this pandemic.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/intro/bio_cholera.htm Cholera- Biological Weapons]</ref> It extended as far as [[චීනය]], Indonesia (where more than 100,000 people succumbed on the island of [[Java]] alone) and the [[Caspian Sea]] before receding. Deaths in [[Indian subcontinent|India]] between 1817 and 1860 are estimated to have exceeded 15 million persons. Another 23 million died between 1865 and 1917. [[Russian Empire|Russian]] deaths during a similar time period exceeded 2 million.<ref>[http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2000_fall/1832_cholera_part1.html The 1832 Cholera Epidemic in New York State]</ref>

* [[Second cholera pandemic]] 1829–1851. Reached Russia (see [[Cholera Riots]]), Hungary (about 100,000 deaths) and Germany in 1831, [[London]] in 1832 (more than 55,000 persons died in the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]),<ref>[http://www.ph.ucla.edu/EPI/snow/pandemic1826-37.html Asiatic Cholera Pandemic of 1826-37]</ref> France, [[Canada]] ([[Ontario]]), and [[United States]] ([[New York]]) in the same year,<ref>[http://www.tngenweb.org/darkside/cholera.html The Cholera Epidemic Years in the United States]</ref> and the Pacific coast of North America by 1834. A two-year outbreak began in [[England]] and [[Wales]] in 1848 and claimed 52,000 lives.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/health/story/2008/05/09/f-cholera-outbreaks.html Cholera's seven pandemics], cbc.ca, December 2, 2008</ref> It is believed that over 150,000 Americans died of cholera between 1832 and 1849.<ref name=Cholera>[http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2000_fall/1832_cholera_part2.html The 1832 Cholera Epidemic in New York State - Page 2]. By G. William Beardslee</ref>

* [[Fourth cholera pandemic|Fourth pandemic]] 1863–1875. Spread mostly in [[Europe]] and [[Africa]]. At least 30,000 of the 90,000 [[Mecca]] pilgrims fell victim to the disease. Cholera claimed 90,000 lives in Russia in 1866.<ref>[http://www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Myadel/pandemics.htm Eastern European Plagues and Epidemics 1300-1918]</ref>

* In 1866, there was an outbreak in North America. It killed some 50,000 Americans.<ref name=Cholera/>

* In 1892, cholera contaminated the water supply of [[Hamburg, Germany]], and caused 8606 deaths.<ref>{{cite book|last=Barry|first=John M.|authorlink=John M. Barry|title=The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History|publisher=Viking Penguin|year=2004|isbn=0-670-89473-7|series=}}</ref>

* [[Sixth cholera pandemic|Sixth pandemic]] 1899–1923. Had little effect in Europe because of advances in [[public health]], but Russia was badly affected again (more than 500,000 people dying of cholera during the first quarter of the 20th century).<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics cholera :: Seven pandemics], Britannica Online Encyclopedia</ref> The sixth pandemic killed more than 800,000 in [[India]]. The 1902-1904 cholera epidemic claimed over 200,000 lives in the [[Philippines]].<ref>[http://www.doh.gov.ph/sphh/1900.htm 1900s: The Epidemic Years], Society of Philippine Health History</ref>

 

=== Influenza ===