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Encounters between European explorers and populations in the rest of the world often introduced local epidemics of extraordinary virulence. Disease killed the entire native ([[Guanches]]) population of the [[Canary Islands]] in the 16th century. Half the native population of [[Hispaniola]] in 1518 was killed by [[smallpox]]. Smallpox also ravaged [[Mexico]] in the 1520s, killing 150,000 in [[Tenochtitlán]] alone, including the emperor, and [[Peru]] in the 1530s, aiding the European conquerors.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/smallpox_01.shtml Smallpox: Eradicating the Scourge]</ref> [[Measles]] killed a further two million Mexican natives in the 1600s. In 1618–1619, smallpox wiped out 90% of the [[Massachusetts Bay]] Native Americans.<ref>[http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/9968/9968.ch01.html Smallpox The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge], David A. Koplow</ref> During the 1770s, smallpox killed at least 30% of the [[Pacific Northwest]] Native Americans.<ref>Greg Lange,[http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5100 "Smallpox epidemic ravages Native Americans on the northwest coast of North America in the 1770s"], 23 Jan 2003, HistoryLink.org, ''Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History'', accessed 2 Jun 2008</ref> Smallpox epidemics in [[North American smallpox epidemic|1780–1782]] and [[1837-38 smallpox epidemic|1837–1838]] brought devastation and drastic depopulation among the [[Plains Indians]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Houston CS, Houston S |title=The first smallpox epidemic on the Canadian Plains: In the fur-traders' words |journal=Can J Infect Dis |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=112–5 |year=2000 |month=March |pmid=18159275 |pmc=2094753 }}</ref> Some believe that the death of up to 95% of the [[Population history of American indigenous peoples|Native American population]] of the [[New World]] was caused by [[Old World]] diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza.<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/gunsgermssteel/variables/smallpox.html The Story Of... Smallpox – and other Deadly Eurasian Germs]</ref> Over the centuries, the Europeans had developed high degrees of [[Immunity (medical)|immunity]] to these diseases, while the [[indigenous peoples]] had no such immunity.<ref>[http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/papers/goodling.html Stacy Goodling, "Effects of European Diseases on the Inhabitants of the New World"]</ref>
Smallpox devastated the native population of [[ඕස්ට්රේලියාව]], killing around 50% of [[Indigenous ඕස්ට්රේලියාවns]] in the early years of British colonisation.<ref>[http://encarta.msn.com/media_701508643/Smallpox_Through_History.html Smallpox Through History]</ref> It also killed many [[
to infectious diseases brought by Japanese settlers pouring into [[Hokkaido]].<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/asia/features/ontheroad/japan.sapporo.ainu.html Meeting the First Inhabitants], TIMEasia.com, 8/21/2000</ref>
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