"ඩී.ඩී.ටී" හි සංශෝධන අතර වෙනස්කම්

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සංස්
සංස්
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මුලින්ම සංස්ලේෂණය කරන ලද්දේ 1874දී ය. ඩී.ඩී.ටී. වල [[කෘමිනාශක]] ගුණය 1939 වන තුරුම අනාවරණය කරගෙන නොතිබුණි. and it was used with great success in the second half of [[Worldදෙවන Warලෝක IIයුද්ධය]] to control [[malaria]] and [[typhus]] among civilians and troops. The [[Switzerland|Swiss]] chemist [[Paul Hermann Müller]] was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1948 "for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several [[arthropod]]s."<ref name=nobel>
[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1948/ NobelPrize.org: The Nobel Prize in Physiology of Medicine 1948] Accessed July 26, 2007.</ref> After the war, DDT was used as an agricultural [[insecticide]], and soon its production and use skyrocketed.<ref name=EHC9>
[http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc009.htm ''Environmental Health Criteria 9: DDT and its derivatives''], World Health Organization, 1979.</ref>
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=== 1940 හා 1950 දශකවලදී භාවිතය ===
ඩීඩීටී is the best–known of several [[ක්ලෝරීන්]]–containing pesticides used in the 1940s and 1950s. With [[pyrethrum]] in short supply, DDT was used extensively during Worldදෙවන Warලෝක IIයුද්ධය by the [[Allies of Worldදෙවන Warලෝක IIයුද්ධය|Allies]] to control the insect [[Vector (epidemiology)|vectors]] of [[typhus]]—nearly eliminating the disease in many parts of [[Europe]]. In the [[Pacific Ocean|South Pacific]], it was sprayed aerially for malaria control with spectacular effects. While DDT's chemical and insecticidal properties were important factors in these victories, advances in application equipment coupled with a high degree of organization and sufficient manpower were also crucial to the success of these programs.<ref name=Dunlap>{{
cite book|last=Dunlap|first=Thomas R.|title=DDT: Scientists, Citizens, and Public Policy|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=New Jersey|year=1981|isbn=0-691-04680-8}}</ref> In 1945, it was made available to farmers as an agricultural insecticide,<ref name=EHC9/> and it played a minor role in the final elimination of malaria in Europe and [[North America]].<ref name="Larson"/> By the time DDT was introduced in the U.S., the disease had already been brought under control by a variety of other means.<ref name="OreskesErik M. Conway2010">{{
cite book|last1=Oreskes|first1=Naomi|authorlink1=Naomi Oreskes|last2=Erik M. Conway|first2=Erik M|title=[[Merchants of Doubt]]: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming|edition=First|year=2010|publisher=Bloomsbury Press|location=San Francisco, CA|isbn=1-59691-610-9}}</ref> One [[Centers for Disease Control|CDC]] physician involved in the United States' DDT spraying campaign said of the effort that "we kicked a dying dog."<ref>
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=== Overall effectiveness of DDT against malaria ===
When it was first introduced in Worldදෙවන Warලෝක IIයුද්ධය, DDT was very effective in reducing malaria [[morbidity]] and [[mortality rate|mortality]].<ref name=Dunlap/> The WHO's anti-malaria campaign, which consisted mostly of spraying DDT, was initially very successful as well. For example, in [[Sri Lanka]], the program reduced cases from about 3 million per year before spraying to just 29 in 1964. Thereafter the program was halted to save money, and malaria rebounded to 600,000 cases in 1968 and the first quarter of 1969. The country resumed DDT vector control, but the mosquitoes had acquired resistance in the interim, presumably because of continued agricultural use. The program switched to [[malathion]], which though more expensive, proved effective.<ref name=Gordon>{{
cite book|last=Harrison|first=Gordon A|title=Mosquitoes, Malaria, and Man: A History of the Hostilities Since 1880|publisher=Dutton|year=1978|isbn=0525160256}}</ref>
 
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[http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2006/WHO_HTM_MAL_2006.1112_eng.pdf Indoor Residual Spraying: Use of Indoor Residual Spraying for Scaling Up Global Malaria Control and Elimination.] World Health Organization, 2006.</ref> Resistance is largely due to agricultural use, in much greater quantities than required for disease prevention. According to one study that attempted to quantify the lives saved by banning agricultural use and thereby slowing the spread of resistance, "it can be estimated that at current rates each kilo of insecticide added to the environment will generate 105 new cases of malaria."<ref name="pmid7278974"/>
 
Resistance was noted early in spray campaigns. Paul Russell, a former head of the [[Allies of Worldදෙවන Warලෝක IIයුද්ධය|Allied]] Anti-Malaria campaign, observed in 1956 that "resistance has appeared [after] six or seven years."<ref name="Gladwell"/> DDT has lost much of its effectiveness in Sri Lanka, [[Pakistan]], [[Turkey]] and [[Central America]], and it has largely been replaced by [[organophosphate]] or [[carbamate]] insecticides, ''e.g.'' malathion or [[bendiocarb]].<ref name = "Curtis">
[http://ipmworld.umn.edu/chapters/curtiscf.htm Control of Malaria Vectors in Africa and Asia] C.F.Curtis</ref>
 
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