"සමසමාජවාදය" හි සංශෝධන අතර වෙනස්කම්
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=== Council communism ===
{{මූලික|Council communism}}
Council communism is a [[far-left]] movement originating in [[
The central argument of council communism, in contrast to those of [[social democracy]] and [[Leninism|Leninist]] [[Communism]], is that democratic [[workers' councils]] arising in the factories and municipalities are the natural form of working class organisation and governmental power. This view is opposed to both the [[reformist]] and the Leninist [[Ideology|ideologies]], with their stress on, respectively, [[parliament]]s and [[New institutionalism|institutional]] government (i.e., by applying social reforms), on the one hand, and [[vanguard party|vanguard parties]] and participative [[democratic centralism]] on the other).
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Various social reformers in the early 19th century founded communities based on common ownership. But unlike many previous communist communities, they replaced the religious emphasis with a rational and philanthropic basis.<ref name="britannica"/> Notable among them were [[Robert Owen]], who founded [[New Harmony, Indiana|New Harmony]] in Indiana (1825), and [[Charles Fourier]], whose followers organized other settlements in the United States such as [[Brook Farm]] (1841–47).<ref name="britannica"/> Later in the 19th century, Karl Marx described these social reformers as "[[Utopian socialism|utopian socialists]]" to contrast them with his program of "[[scientific socialism]]" (a term coined by [[Friedrich Engels]]). Other writers described by Marx as "utopian socialists" included [[Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon|Saint-Simon]].
In its modern form, communism grew out of the socialist movement of 19th century Europe.<ref name="encarta"/> As the [[Industrial Revolution]] advanced, socialist critics blamed capitalism for the misery of the [[proletariat]] — a new class of urban factory workers who labored under often-hazardous conditions. Foremost among these critics were the German philosopher Karl Marx and his associate Friedrich Engels. In 1848, Marx and Engels offered a new definition of communism and popularized the term in their famous pamphlet ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]''.<ref name="britannica"/> Engels, who lived in [[Manchester]], observed the organization of the [[Chartist]] movement (''see [[History of British socialism]]''), while Marx departed from his university comrades to meet the proletariat in France and
=== Growth of modern communism ===
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By virtue of the Soviet Union's victory in the [[World War II|Second World War]] in 1945, the [[Red Army|Soviet Army]] had occupied nations in both [[Eastern Europe]] and [[East Asia]]; as a result, communism as a movement spread to many new countries. This expansion of communism both in Europe and Asia gave rise to a few different branches of its own, such as [[Maoism]].{{Fact|date=April 2008}}
Communism had been vastly strengthened by the winning of many new nations into the sphere of Soviet influence and strength in Eastern Europe. Governments modeled on Soviet Communism took power with Soviet assistance in [[Bulgaria]], [[Czechoslovakia]], [[
By 1950, the [[Communist Party of China|Chinese Communists]] held all of [[Mainland China]], thus controlling the most populous nation in the world. Other areas where rising Communist strength provoked dissension and in some cases led to actual fighting through conventional and [[guerrilla warfare]] include the [[Korean War]], [[Laos]], many nations of the [[Middle East]] and [[Africa]], and notably succeeded in the case of the [[Vietnam War]] against the military power of the United States and its allies. With varying degrees of success, Communists attempted to unite with [[Nationalism|nationalist]] and [[Socialism|socialist]] forces against what they saw as [[Western world|Western]] [[imperialism]] in these poor countries.
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[[ගොනුව:Communist States.png|thumb|right|340px|This map shows the states which today are officially run by a Communist party alone: [[People's Republic of China]], [[North Korea]], [[Laos]], [[Vietnam]] and [[Cuba]].]]
In 1985, [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] became leader of the Soviet Union and relaxed central control, in accordance with reform policies of [[glasnost]] (openness) and [[perestroika]] (restructuring). The Soviet Union did not intervene as [[Poland]], [[
By the beginning of the 21st century, states controlled by Communist parties under a single-party system include the [[People's Republic of China]], [[Cuba]], [[Laos]], [[North Korea]], and [[Vietnam]]. Communist parties, or their descendant parties, remain politically important in many countries. President [[Vladimir Voronin]] of [[Moldova]] is a member of the [[Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova]], and President [[Dimitris Christofias]] of [[Cyprus]] is a member of the [[Progressive Party of Working People]], but the countries are not run under single-party rule. In [[South Africa]], the [[SACP|Communist Party]] is a partner in the [[African National Congress|ANC]]-led government. In [[India]], communists lead the governments of three [[states and territories of India|states]], with a combined population of more than 115 million. In [[Nepal]], communists hold a majority in the [[Nepalese Constituent Assembly|parliament]].<ref>[http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11057207&fsrc=nwl Nepal's election The Maoists triumph Economist.com<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref>
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