"ධරණීයතාව" හි සංශෝධන අතර වෙනස්කම්
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සුළු රොබෝ: ISBN ආකෘතිකරණය |
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432 පේළිය:
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{{මූලික|Dematerialization}}
With increases in population and affluence has come an increase in use of [[material]]s— their volume, kind and distance transported. Included here are raw materials, minerals, synthetic chemicals and products (especially plastic), manufactured products, food, living organisms and waste. <ref name=VITAL>[http://www.vitalgraphics.net] Bournay, E. et al. (2006). ''Vital waste graphics 2.'' The Basel Convention, UNEP, GRID-Arendal. ISBN 82
Much of the sustainability effort with materials is directed at [[dematerialization]], converting the linear path of materials (extraction, use, disposal in landfill) to a cyclical one that reuses materials indefinitely, much like the cycling and reuse of waste in nature. <ref>[http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/statistics/waste/kf/wrkf08.htm e-digest environment statistics]</ref> This is being assisted by [[product stewardship]] and the increasing use of [[material flow analysis]] at all levels, especially individual countries and the global economy.<ref>[http://www.productstewardship.us/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=17 Product Stewardship Council (US)]. Retrieved on: 2009-04-05.</ref>
443 පේළිය:
'''Waste'''
{{මූලික|Industrial ecology}}
The average human uses 45-85 tonnes of materials each year. <ref name="VITAL" /> Industry, business and government are adopting the ideas of [[industrial metabolism]], [[industrial ecology]], [[ecodesign]] <ref>Fuad-Luke, A. (2006). ''The Eco-design Handbook''. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28521-3.</ref> and [[ecolabelling]] to make use of materials more sustainable (see side bar). In addition to the well-established “reduce, reuse and recycle” shoppers are using their purchasing power for [[ethical consumerism]].<ref>Brower, M. & Leon, W. (1999). ''The Consumer's Guide to Effective Environmental Choices: Practical Advice from the Union of Concerned Scientists.'' New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0
==Economics==
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