"නිදහස් අන්තර්ගතය" හි සංශෝධන අතර වෙනස්කම්

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අස්ලාන් මගින් සිදුකල 180358 සංශෝධනය අහෝසි කරන්න (සාකච්ඡා)
1 පේළිය:
{{සිංහල නොවේ}}
'''Free content''', or '''free information''', is any kind of functional work, [[Work of art|artwork]], or other creative [[Content (media and publishing)|content]] having no significant [[legal|legal restriction]] relative to people's freedom to use, distribute copies, modify, and to distribute derived works of the content.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-doc.html |title=Free Software and Free Manuals |accessdate=March 22, 2009 |last=Stallman |first=Richard |authorlink=Richard Stallman |date=November 13, 2008 |publisher=[[Free Software Foundation]]}}</ref> It is distinct from [[open content]] in that it can be modified, whereas one might not have that ability with content that is simply "open" and not "free".
 
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{{මූලික|Copyright}}
[[Image:Copyright.svg|thumb|140px|The [[copyright symbol]]]]
Traditionally, copyright is a legal concept, which grants the author or creator of a work legal rights to control the [[copying|duplication]] and public performance of his or her work. In many jurisdictions, this is limited by a time period after which the works then enter the [[public domain]]. During the time period of copyright the author's work may only be copied, modified, or publicly performed with the consent of the author, unless the use is a [[fair use]].
 
Traditional copyright control, when compared to free content, is limiting in several ways. It limits the use of the work of the author to those who can, or are willing to, afford the payment of royalties to the author for usage of the authors content, or limit their use to fair use. Secondly it limits the use of content whose author cannot be found. Finally it creates a perceived barrier between authors by limiting derivative works, such as [[Mashup (music)|mashup]]s and collaborative content. Copyleft is based on the belief that <!--the financial incentive of--> the temporary publishing monopoly that traditional copyright created in order to encourage science and learning is not actually the best way to promote science and learning.
 
===Public domain===
{{මූලික|Public domain}}
[[Image:PD-icon.svg|thumb|140px|A [[public domain]] symbol]]
The public domain is a range of creative works whose [[copyright]] has expired, or was never established; as well as ideas and facts<ref group="nb">The copyright status of uncreative aggregates of basic data may differ by region, for the USA see ''[[Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service]]'', for [[Australia]], see ''[[Telstra v Desktop Marketing Systems]]''</ref> which are ineligible for copyright. A public domain work is a work whose author has either relinquished to the public, or no longer can claim control over, the distribution and usage of the work. As such any person may manipulate, distribute, or otherwise utilize the work, without legal ramifications. A work released into the public domain, or under a very liberal license, by its author may be referred to as "[[copycenter]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/C/copycenter.html |title=Copycenter |last=Raymond |first=Eric S. |authorlink=Eric S. Raymond |publisher=The [[Jargon File]] |accessdate=August 9, 2008 }}</ref>
 
===Copyleft===
{{මූලික|Copyleft|Share-alike}}
[[Image:Copyleft.svg|thumb|140px|The [[copyleft]] symbol]]
Copyleft is a play on the word copyright and describes the practice of using copyright law to remove restrictions on distributing copies and modified versions of a work.<ref name="Dusollier">{{cite journal|title=Open source and copyleft. Authorship reconsidered?|author=Dusollier, S|series=Columbia journal of Law and the Arts|year=2003|volume=26|issue=296}}</ref> The aim of copyleft is to use the legal framework of copyright to enable non-author parties to be able to reuse and, in many licensing schemes, modify content that is created by an author. Unlike public domain or other non-copyleft free work, the author still maintains copyright over the material, however the author has granted a non-exclusive license to any person to distribute, and often modify, the work. Copyleft licenses require that any [[derivative work]]s be distributed under the same terms, and that the original copyright notices be maintained.
 
A symbol commonly associated with copyleft is a reversal of the [[copyright symbol]], facing the other way; the opening of the C points left rather than right. Unlike the copyright symbol, the copyleft symbol does not have a codified meaning.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hall |first=G. Brent |year=2008 |publisher=Springer |title=Open Source Approaches in Spatial Data Handling |page=29 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=JZNuu8XODQMC&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=copyleft+symbol+legal+meaning |isbn=354074830X |accessdate=March 22, 2009}}</ref>
 
==Usage==
Projects that provide free content exist in several areas of interest, such as software, academic literature, general literature, music, images, video, and [[engineering]].
 
Technology has reduced the cost of publication and reduced the entry barrier sufficiently to allow for the production of widely disseminated materials by individuals or small groups. Projects to provide free literature and multimedia content have become increasingly prominent owing to the ease of dissemination of materials that is associated with the development of computer technology. Such dissemination may have been too costly prior to these technological developments.
 
===Media===
In media, which includes textual, audio, and visual content, free licensing schemes such as some of the licenses made by [[Creative Commons]] have allowed for the dissemination of works under a clear set of legal permissions. Not all of the Creative Commons’ licenses are entirely free: their permissions may range from very liberal general redistribution and modification of the work to a more restrictive redistribution-only licensing. Since February 2008, Creative Commons licenses which are entirely free carry a badge indicating that they are "approved for free cultural works".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/8051 |title=Approved for Free Cultural Works |accessdate=March 22, 2009| last=Linksvayer |first=Mike |authorlink=Mike Linksvayer |date= February 20, 2008| publisher=[[Creative Commons]]}}</ref> [[Digital library|Repositories]] exist which exclusively feature free material provide content such as photographs, [[clip art]], music,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://irate.sourceforge.net/ |title=iRate Radio |accessdate=March 22, 2009 |publisher=[[SourceForge.net]]}}</ref> and literature,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Gutenberg:No_Cost_or_Freedom%3F |title=Gutenberg:No Cost or Freedom? |accessdate=March 22, 2009 |date=April 23, 2007 |publisher=[[Project Gutenberg]]}}</ref>.
 
===Software===
{{මූලික|Open source}}
[[Image:Opensource.svg|thumb|140px|The logo of the [[Open Source Initiative]], an organization dedicated to promoting open source software]]
[[Image:FSF-Logo.svg|thumb|240px|The logo of the [[Free Software Foundation]], the organization founding the principles of [[free software]].]]
[[Free software]], often referred to as [[open source software]], is a maturing technology with major companies utilising free software to provide both services and technology to both end users and technical consumers. The ease of dissemination has allowed for increased modularity, which allows for smaller groups to contribute to projects as well as simplifying collaboration.
 
Open source development models have been classified as having a similar peer-recognition and collaborative benefit incentives that are typified by more classical fields such as scientific research, with the social structures that result from this incentive model decreasing production cost.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.valt.helsinki.fi/staff/herkia/kava/Seminnarit/MI_mustonen.pdf |title=Copyleft – the economics of Linux and other open source software |accessdate=March 22, 2009 |version=Discussion Paper No. 493 |last=Mustonen |first=Mikko |publisher=Department of Economics, [[University of Helsinki]] |format=PDF}}</ref>
 
Given sufficient interest in a given software component, by using [[peer-to-peer]] distribution methods, distribution costs of software may be minimized, removing the burden of infrastructure maintenance from developers. As distribution resources are simultaneously provided by consumers, these software distribution models are scalable, that is the method is feasible regardless of the number of consumers. In some cases, free software vendors may use peer-to-peer technology as a method of dissemination.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://hal.inria.fr/docs/00/28/33/44/PDF/RR-6519.pdf |title=The Practice of Free and Open Source Software Processes |accessdate=March 22, 2009 |volume=N° 6519 |issue=April 2008 |date=May 29, 2008 |version=inria-00274193, version 2 |author=Pawlak, Michel; Bryce, Ciarán; Laurière, Stéphane |journal=Rapport de recherche |publisher=[[Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique]] (INRIA) |issn=0249-6399 |format=PDF}}</ref>
 
===Engineering and technology===
Free content principles have been translated into fields such as engineering, where designs and engineering knowledge can be readily shared and duplicated, in order to reduce overheads associated with project development. [[Open design]] principles can be applied in engineering and technological applications, with projects in [[mobile telephony]], small-scale manufacture,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestandard.com/news/2008/03/04/reprap-open-source-3d-printer-masses |title=RepRap: An open-source 3D printer for the masses |accessdate=March 22, 2009 |last=Hendry |first=Andrew |date=March 4, 2008 |work=[[Computerworld]] Australia |publisher=[[The Industry Standard]]}}</ref> the automotive industry,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heise.de/tr/Das-offenste-aller-Autos--/artikel/68663/ |title=The most open of all cars |accessdate=March 22, 2009 |last=Honsig |first= Markus |date=January 25, 2006 |work=[[Technology Review]] |publisher=[[Heinz Heise]] |language=German}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://smh.drive.com.au/australian-drive-for-green-commuter-cars-20100613-y64q.html|title=Australian drive for green commuter cars|accessdate=100613}}</ref> and even agricultural areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isb.vt.edu/news/2005/artspdf/dec0501.pdf |title=Open-source Agriculture |accessdate=March 22, 2009 |last=Stewart, Jr., C. Neal |date=December 2005 |work= ISB News Report |publisher=Information Systems for Biotechnology (ISB) |format=PDF}}</ref>
 
Technologies such as distributed manufacturing can allow [[computer-aided manufacturing]] and [[computer-aided design]] techniques to be able to develop small-scale production of components for the development of new, or repair of existing, devices. Rapid fabrication technologies underpin these developments, which allow end users of technology to be able to construct devices from pre-existing blueprints, using software and manufacturing hardware to convert information into physical objects.
 
===Academia===
{{මූලික|Open access (publishing)}}
[[Image:Open Access logo PLoS white.svg|thumb|120px|The [[Open access (publishing)|open access]] logo, originally designed by the [[Public Library of Science]]]]
In academic work, free works are still a niche phenomenon, owing to the difficulty of establishing a fully qualified peer review process. Authors may see [[Open access (publishing)|open access publishing]] as a method of expanding the audience that is able to access their work to allow for greater impact of the publication, or for ideological reasons.<ref>{{cite url|title=Open access self-archiving: An author study|url=http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/10999/1/jisc2.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue37/andrew/ |title=Trends in Self-Posting of Research Material Online by Academic Staff |accessdate=March 22, 2009 |last=Andrew |first=Theo |date=October 30, 2003 |journal=Ariadne |issue= 37 | publisher=[[UKOLN]] |issn=1361-3200}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/JISCOAreport1.pdf |title=JISC/OSI Journal Authors Survey Report |accessdate=March 22, 2009 |author=Key Perspectives |publisher=[[Joint Information Systems Committee]] (JISC) |format=PDF}}</ref> Despite these difficulties, groups such as the [[Public Library of Science]] and [[Biomed Central]] still provide capacity for review and publishing of free works; though such publications tend to be limited to fields such as life sciences. Some universities, such as the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), have adopted open access publishing by default.<ref>{{cite web|title=MIT faculty open access to their scholarly articles|date=20 March 2009|url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2009/open-access-0320.html|publisher=MIT news}}</ref> In traditional journals, alternatives such as delayed free publications or charging researchers for open access publishing are occasionally used.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mic.sgmjournals.org/misc/self_archiving.dtl|title=Policy of the Society for General Microbiology towards author self-archiving on PubMed Central and institutional and other repositories|accessdate=April 10, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/authorresources/onlineopen.html|title=OnlineOpen|accessdate=April 10, 2009}}</ref> Some funding agencies require academic work to be published in the public domain as a grant requirement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/grants/partnerships/_files/funding_policy.pdf |title=NHMRC Partnership Projects – Funding Policy |accessdate=March 22, 2009 |last=Haslam |first=Maryanne |publisher=[[National Health and Medical Research Council]] (NHMRC) |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/not-od-05-022.html|title= Policy on Enhancing Public Access to Archived Publications Resulting from [[National Institute of Health|NIH]]-Funded Research | accessdate=July 12, 2009}}</ref> [[Open content]] publication has been seen as a method of reducing costs associated with information retrieval in research, as universities typically pay to subscribe for access to content that is published through traditional means <ref>{{cite journal |title=Libraries face higher costs for academic journals |accessdate=March 22, 2009 |last=Mayor |first=Susan |date=April 19, 2003 |journal=[[BMJ]]: British Medical Journal |publisher=[[BMJ Group]] |volume=326 |issue=7394 |page=840 |pmc=1125769}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ams.org/membership/journal-survey.html|title=AMS Journal price survey|accessdate=May 23, 2009}}</ref><ref name="WellcomeTrustReport">{{cite web|title=Costs and business models in scientific research publishing: A report commissioned by the Wellcome Trust|url=http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/stellent/groups/corporatesite/@policy_communications/documents/web_document/wtd003184.pdf|accessdate=May 23, 2009}}</ref> whilst improving journal quality by discouraging the submission of research articles of reduced quality.<ref name="WellcomeTrustReport"/>
 
By contrast, subscriptions for non-free content journals may be expensive to universities themselves, particularly noteworthy when coupled to the fact that the content in the scientific articles are generated and peer-reviewed by the university staff themselves at no cost to the publisher. This has led to disputes between publishers and some universities over subscription costs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Response from the University of California to the Public statement from Nature Publishing Group regarding subscription renewals at the California Digital Library|url=http://osc.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/UC_Response_to_Nature_Publishing_Group.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article1013152.ece|title=Boycott 'greedy' journal publishers, say scientists}}</ref>
 
For teaching purposes, some universities provide freely available course content, such as lecture notes, video resources and tutorials. This content is distributed via internet resources to the general public. Publication of such resources may be either by a formal institution-wide program,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/web/about/about/index.htm|title=About OpenCourseWare|accessdate=April 10, 2009}}</ref> or alternately via informal content provided by individual academics or departments.
 
===Governance===
<!-- editors note: This section requires significant improvement with less "e-government focus" and a greater historical context. -->
{{මූලික|Open source governance}}
Technological developments have enabled distribution of otherwise inaccessible documentation in government to be made directly available to citizens from any location for minimal cost. This allows information on lawmaking, local and state government to be analysed by a government's constituents. Although previously information has been in the form of media releases for [[public relation]]s purposes, documentation that may be of use to citizens and businesses has, in some jurisdictions, been mandated to be released by default.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://vancouver.ca/ctyclerk/cclerk/20090519/documents/motionb2.pdf|title=Motion on Notice: Open Data, Open Standards and Open Source}}/</ref> This is in contrast to laws such as the [[freedom of information act]], or their local equivalent, which may make documentation available only on request, rather than mandate explicit publication. Such a stance has been cited as an aid to the reduction in complexity associated with government processes, as well as aiding a reduction in corruption.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1081/PAD-200029114|journal=International Journal of Public Administration|volume=27|date=10 January 2005|last1=Cho|pages=719–735|first1=Yong Hyo | title=E-Government to Combat Corruption: The Case of Seoul Metropolitan Government| author8=Yong Hyo Cho; Byung-Dae Choi}}</ref>
 
==Criticism==
 
The permissiveness of free content is highly subjective, as a balance between author generation and acceptable use is to be struck in the generation of such work. This balance is made, owing to the nature of copyright law, by the author after the content generation and prior to content distribution. Decisions on how permissive the work may be are usually thus made by the author, and may reflect personal or institutional beliefs.
 
For example, an author may choose to release their work into the public domain, and thus this may be freely used by anyone for any purpose, including commercial entities. This approach is criticised by those who perceive that commercial entities can thus sell these works without performing any useful service to the public, thus effectively restricting the content; this may be exacerbated if there is no requirement for the commercial vendor to disclose the public domain nature of the work. Subsequently a more "free" distribution, which technically has greater legal restrictions on use, could be utilised to enforce the requirement that vendors acknowledge the free nature of the work. Taking this even further, it may be that the work could be used as a component in a larger work; this is particularly true for works of a technical nature.
 
In such a case, the additional restriction on the free work to require derivative works that include the original free work can be made, such that the derived work must also be distributed in a free manner. This subset of free [[license]]s are sometimes referred to as [[Viral phenomenon|viral]] copyright licenses or [[Copyleft#Viral licensing|Copyleft licenses]] and applies to licenses that contain a clause stating that any works derived from a free work must themselves be free when distributed, usually under the same license. This requirement may be criticised as legally constraining and therefore in some manner rendering the use of the "free" appellation inappropriate.
 
An example of one of these "[[viral license]]s" is the [[GNU General Public License]], which is often applied to computer programs. The viral nature of these licenses are seen as applying the ideology of the original licensor on subsequent redistributors. The criticism stems over a disagreement over the scope of freedom that licenses should attempt to enforce. That is whether licenses should aim to provide absolute freedom (to do whatever you please) versus an inalienable freedom (freedom to do anything but take away the freedom of another).
 
Alternatively, the economic model of free content is seen as a collaborative environment in which works are generated by authors themselves and then released with a free content licence. Subsequently, the economic sagacity of this model has been questioned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/exec/craig/05-03sharedsource.mspx|title=Speech Transcript - Craig Mundie, The New York University Stern School of Business}}</ref> However, such criticism has, in itself, been seen as an expression of the changing role of the author in commercialisation of their works.<ref name="Dusollier"/>
 
==See also==
{{Portal|Free software}}
*[[Definition of Free Cultural Works]]
*[[Free and open source software]]
*[[Free art]]
*[[Free culture movement]]
*[[Freedom of information]]
*[[Free software movement]]
*[[Libre knowledge]]
*[[Open Content Alliance]]
*[[Open publishing]]
*[[Open source hardware]]
*[[Permissive free software licence]]
*[[Project Gutenberg]]
 
==Notes==
{{Reflist|group="nb"}}
 
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
 
== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|author=D. Atkins, J. S. Brown, A. L. Hammond |title= A Review of the Open Educational Resources (OER) Movement: Achievements, Challenges, and New Opportunities. |publisher=Report to The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation |date =February 2007|url=http://cohesion.rice.edu/Conferences/Hewlett/emplibrary/A%20Review%20of%20the%20Open%20Educational%20Resources%20(OER)%20Movement_BlogLink.pdf }}
* OECD – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: ''[http://oberon.sourceoecd.org/vl=1280635/cl=16/nw=1/rpsv/ij/oecdthemes/99980029/v2007n3/s1/p1l Giving Knowledge for free – The Emergence of Open Educational Resources]''. 2007, ISBN 926403174X.
 
==External links==
*[http://freedomdefined.org/Definition Definition of Free Cultural Works] – A definition of "free content" or "free cultural works" similar to the free software definition
*"[http://opensource.mit.edu/papers/meyer.pdf Episodes of collective invention]" (PDF) (Peter B. Meyer; August 4, 2003) – article on several U.S.-oriented historical examples of free content in technology
*[http://okd.okfn.org/ Open Knowledge Definition] – project under the aegis of the [[Open Knowledge Foundation]] which provides a definition of "open" suitable for content and data
*[http://wikieducator.org/Wikieducator_tutorial/What_is_free_content What is free content?] on [[WikiEducator]]
 
{{Selfref|For the use of free content on Wikipedia, see [[Wikipedia:Free content]].}}
{{Intellectual property activism}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Free Content}}
[[Category:Free content| ]]
[[Category:Copyright licenses]]
[[Category:Digital art]]
[[Category:Libre]]
[[Category:Open source licenses]]
 
[[ar:محتوى حر]]
[[be-x-old:Вольныя матэрыялы]]
[[bg:Свободно съдържание]]
[[cy:Cynnwys rhydd]]
[[da:Frit indhold]]
[[de:Freie Inhalte]]
[[el:Ελεύθερο περιεχόμενο]]
[[es:Contenido libre]]
[[eo:Libera verko]]
[[fa:محتوای آزاد]]
[[fr:Œuvre libre]]
[[ga:Ábhar saor]]
[[gl:Contido libre]]
[[ko:자유 콘텐츠]]
[[hy:Ազատ բովանդակություն]]
[[ilo:Nawaya a linaon]]
[[id:Isi bebas]]
[[is:Frjálst efni]]
[[it:Contenuto libero]]
[[he:תוכן חופשי]]
[[krc:Эркин материалла]]
[[hu:Szabad licenc]]
[[ml:സ്വതന്ത്ര ഉള്ളടക്കം]]
[[ms:Kandungan bebas]]
[[mn:Чөлөөт агуулга]]
[[nl:Vrije inhoud]]
[[ja:フリーコンテント]]
[[ce:Маьрша гIирсаш]]
[[pt:Licença livre]]
[[ru:Свободные материалы]]
[[simple:Free content]]
[[fi:Vapaat sisällöt]]
[[sv:Fritt innehåll]]
[[tl:Malayang nilalaman]]
[[ur:آزاد مواد]]
[[vi:Nội dung tự do]]
[[zh:自由內容]]
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