"ආන්ධ්‍ර ප්‍රදේශ්" හි සංශෝධන අතර වෙනස්කම්

 

Inscriptional evidence shows that there was an early<ref>http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/india/hyderabad/excursions-from-hyderabad/bhattiprolu.html</ref> kingdom in coastal Andhra ruled by Kuberaka, with Pratipalapura ([[Bhattiprolu]]) as his capital. This is probably <ref>http://www.indialine.com/travel/andhrapradesh/about-andhrapradesh.html</ref>the oldest known kingdom in [[India]]. Around the same time Dhanyakatakam/[[Dharanikota]] (present day [[Amaravati]]) appears to have been an important place, which was visited by [[Gautama Buddha]]. According to the ancient Tibetan scholar [[Taranatha]]: "On the full moon of the month [[Chaitra]] in the year following his enlightenment, at the great [[stupa]] of Dhanyakataka, the Buddha emanated the [[mandala]] of 'The Glorious Lunar Mansions' ([[Kalachakra]])".<ref>Helmutt Hoffmann, "Buddha's Preaching of the Kalachakra [[Tantra]] at the Stupa of Dhanyakataka," in: German Scholars on India, Vol. I. PP. 136-140. (Varanasi, 1973)</ref><ref>Taranatha; http://www.kalacakra.org/history/khistor2.htm</ref>

The [[Maurya]]ns extended their rule over Andhra in 4th century BCE. With the fall of the [[Mauryan Empire]] Andhra [[Satavahana]]s became independent in 3rd century BCE. After the decline of the Satavahanas in 220 CE, [[Ikshvaku dynasty]], [[Pallava]]s, [[Vishnukundina]]s, [[Ananda Gotrika]]s and [[Chola]]s ruled the [[Telugu people|Telugu]] land. Inscriptional evidence of [[Telugu language]] was found during the rule of Renati Cholas (Kadapa region) in 5th century CE.<ref>Indian Epigraphy, R. Saloman, Oxford University Press, 1998,

 

The battle of [[Palnadu]] resulted in the weakening of Eastern [[Chalukya]]n power and emergence of the [[Kakatiya]] dynasty in the 12th and the 13th centuries CE. The Kakatiyas were at first feudatories of the Rashtrakutas ruling over a small territory near [[Warangal]]. All the Telugu lands were united by the Kakatiyas. In 1323 CE, Delhi [[Sultan]] Ghiaz-ud-din [[Tughlaq]] sent a large army under Ulugh Khan to conquer the Telugu country and capture Warangal. King [[Prataparudra]] was taken prisoner. [[Musunuri Nayaks]] recaptured Warangal from the [[Delhi Sultanate]] in 1326 CE and ruled for fifty years. Inspired by their success, the [[Vijayanagar empire]], one of the greatest empires in the history of Andhra Pradesh and [[India]], was founded by [[Harihara]] and [[Bukka]], who served as treasury officers of the Kakatiyas of Warangal.<ref>Robert Sewell, A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar): A contribution to the history of India, Chapter 2 http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext02/fevch10.txt</ref> In 1347 CE, an independent Muslim state, the [[Bahmani]] kingdom, was established in [[south India]] by Alla-ud-din [[Hasan Gangu]] as a revolt against the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. The [[Qutb Shahi]] dynasty held sway over the Andhra country for about two hundred years from the early part of the 16th century to the end of the 17th century.

 

In [[Colonial India]], [[Northern Circars]] became part of the British [[Madras Presidency]]. Eventually this region emerged as the [[Coastal Andhra]] region. Later the [[Nizam]] had ceded five territories to the British which eventually emerged as [[Rayalaseema]] region. The Nizams retained control of the interior provinces as the [[Princely state]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], acknowledging British rule in return for local autonomy. Meanwhile, the [[France|French]] had occupied Yanam (Yanaon), in the Godavari Delta, and (save for periods of British control) would hold it until 1954.

 

== Divisions ==

Andhra Pradesh can be divided into three regions, namely [[Coastal Andhra]], [[Rayalaseema]] and [[Telangana]].<ref> [http://www.blonnet.com/2007/05/17/stories/2007051704252100.htm AP Cabinet approves four regional planning boards].</ref>

 

Andhra Pradesh has 23 districts: [[Adilabad district|Adilabad]], [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]], [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]], [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]], [[East Godavari]], [[Guntur district|Guntur]], [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]], [[Khammam district|Khammam]], [[Krishna district|Krishna]], [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]], [[Mahbubnagar district|Mahbubnagar]], [[Medak district|Medak]], [[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]], [[Nellore district|Sri Potti Sreeramulu Nellore]], [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]], [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]], [[Rangareddy district|Rangareddy]], [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]], [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]], [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]], [[Warangal district|Warangal]] and [[West Godavari]].

 

 

[[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] is the capital and, along with the adjoining twin city [[Secunderabad]], is the largest city in the state. [[Visakhapatnam]], Andhra Pradesh's main seaport, is the second largest city of the state and is home to the [[Indian Navy]]'s Eastern Naval Command. [[Vijayawada]] due to its location and proximity to major rail and road routes is a major trading center and the third largest city of the state. Other important cities and towns are: [[Kakinada]], [[Warangal]], [[Guntur]] , [[Tirumala - Tirupati|Tirupati]], [[Rajahmundry]], [[Nellore]], [[Ongole]], [[Kurnool]], [[Anantapur]], [[Karimnagar]], [[Nizamabad]] and [[Eluru]].

[[Agriculture]] has been the chief source of income for the state's economy. Four important rivers of India, the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] , [[Krishna River|Krishna]] ,[[Penna River|Penna]] and [[Tungabhadra River|Thungabhadra]] flow through the state, providing irrigation. [[Rice]], [[sugarcane]], [[cotton]], [[Chili pepper|mirchi]] (chilli pepper), [[mango]] and [[tobacco]] are the local crops. Recently, crops used for [[Vegetable fats and oils|vegetable oil]] production such as [[sunflower]] and [[peanut]]s have gained favour. There are many multi-state irrigation projects in development, including [[Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects]] and [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]], the world's highest masonry dam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://agri.ap.nic.in|title=Agriculture dept. of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref><ref name = "dfljos">{{cite web|url=http://www.apind.gov.in/indussectors.html|title=Key Sectors of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref>

 

The state has also started to focus on the fields of [[information technology]] and [[biotechnology]]. In 2004–2005, Andhra Pradesh was at the fifth position in the list of top IT exporting states of India. The IT exports from the State were Rs.82,700 million in 2004-2005($ 1,800 million)<ref>http://finance.indiainfo.com/news/2005/05/11/1105it-exports.html</ref>. The IT sector is expanding at a rate of 52.3% every year. The IT exports reached Rs.190,000 million ($4.5 billion) in 2006–2007, contributed to 14 per cent of total IT exports of the nation and ranked fourth in India<ref>http://www.pppinindia.com/business-opportunities-andhra-pradesh.asp</ref>. The service sector of the state already accounts for 43% of the gross state domestic product (GSDP) and employs 20% of the work force.<ref name = "dfljos"/> The state capital, Hyderabad is considered to be bulk drug capital of the country. 50% of the top 10 companies in Pharmaceutical field are from the state. The state also commands a very prominent place in the infrastructure space, with many companies from the state being up there at the fore-front.

 

== Government and politics ==

{{Main|Government of Andhra Pradesh|Politics of Andhra Pradesh|List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh}}

Andhra Pradesh has a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] of 294 seats. The state has 60

members in the [[Parliament of India]]; 18 in the [[Rajya Sabha]], the Upper House and 42 in the [[Lok Sabha]], the Lower House.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apassemblylive.com|title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.24.209/newls/membershomepage.aspx|title=Parliament of India}}</ref>

Andhra Pradesh had a series of governments headed by Indian National Congress (INC) Party until 1982. [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]] held the record for the longest serving chief minister which was broken by [[N.T.Rama Rao]] in 1983. [[P.V. Narasimha Rao]] also served as the chief minister of the state, who later went on to become the Prime Minister of India in 1991. Among the notable chief ministers of the state are [[Tanguturi Prakasam]], Chief Minister (CM) of Andhra State (the first CM of the present Andhra Pradesh was Neelam Sanjiva Reddy) others include [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]], [[Marri Chenna Reddy]], [[Jalagam Vengal Rao]], [[Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy]], [[Nadendla Bhaskara Rao]], [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]], [[N.T. Rama Rao]], [[Nara Chandrababu Naidu]] and [[Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy]].

 

 

In 1983 the [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) won the State elections and [[N.T. Rama Rao]] (NTR) became the chief minister of the state for the first time introducing a formidable second political party to Andhra Pradesh's politics and thus breaking the single party monopoly on Andhra Pradesh's politics. After a few months, Nadendla Bhaskar Rao usurped power when NTR was away in the United States for medical treatment. After coming back, NTR successfully convinced the then State Governor to dissolve the Assembly and call for a fresh election. TDP won the elections with a large majority.

=== Cuisine ===

{{Main|Andhra cuisine}}

 

[[Rice]] is the [[staple food]] and is used in a wide variety of ways. Typically, rice is either boiled and eaten with [[curry]], or made into a [[Batter (cooking)|batter]] for use in a [[Crêpe|crepe]]-like dish called attu ([[pesarattu]] - made of a mixture of this batter and mung beans) or [[dosa]]s.

 

=== Dance ===

Jayapa Senani ([[Jayapa Nayudu]]) is the first person who wrote about the dances prevalent in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>''Ntitya Ratnavali'' (http://www.telugupeople.com/discussion/article.asp?id=111</ref> Both Desi and Margi forms of dances have been included in his Sanskrit treatise 'Nritya Ratnavali'. It contains eight chapters. Folk dance forms like Perani, Prenkhana, Suddha Nartana, Carcari, Rasaka, Danda Rasaka, Shiva Priya, Kanduka Nartana, Bhandika Nrityam, Carana Nrityam, Chindu, Gondali and Kolatam are described. In the first chapter the author deals with discussion of the differences between Marga and Desi, Tandava and lasya, Natya and Nritta. In the 2nd and 3rd chapters he deals with Angi-kabhinaya, Caris, Sthanakas and Mandalas. In the 4th Chapter Karnas, angaharas and recakas are described. In following chapters he described the local dance forms i.e. desi nritya. In the last chapter he deals with art and practice of dance.

 

* [[Atla Tadde]] 3rd day in bright half of Aswiyuja month (falls in September/October in Gregorian calendar)

* [[Diwali|Deepavali]] in October/November 20days after [[Vijayadasami|Dasara]].

* [[Bonalu]] in [[Sravanam]]. (Celebrated in [[Telangana]] region).

* [[Bathukamma]] celebrated for 9 days during [[Durgastami called as Nava ratri]]-[[Vijayadasami|Dasara]] in [[Telangana]] region.

 

=== Literature ===

 

==== Pilgrimages and Religious Sites ====

 

[[Tirumala - Tirupati|Tirupati or Tirumala]] is a very important pilgrimage for Hindus throughout India. It is the richest piligrimage city (of any religious faith) in the world. Its main temple is dedicated to the god [[Venkateswara]]. Tirpuathi is located in [[Chittoor]] district. [[Satyanarayana swamy]] temple famous in Annavaram in East Godavari district. [[Simhachalam]] is another very popular pilgrmage of national importance. Simhachalam is said in mythology to be the abode of the savior-god [[Narasimha]], who rescued [[Prahlada]] from abusive father [[Hiranyakasipu]]. [[Kanaka Durga Temple]] is one of the famous in Andhra Pradesh which is situated in [[Vijayawada]] city. [[Sri Kalahasti]] is one of the important ancient siva temples and is located on the banks of river [[Swarnamukhi]] in [[Chittoor]] district.

Simhachalam is a hill shrine 16&nbsp;km away from Visakhapatnam on the other side of the Hill on the north of the city. One of the most exquisitely sculpted shrines of Andhra Pradesh, it is located among thickly wooded hills. The beautifully-carved 16-pillared Natya mantapa and the 96-pillared Kalyana mantapa bear testimony to the architectural brilliance of the temple. The image of the presiding deity, Sri Lakshminarasimha Swamy, is covered by a thick layer of sandalwood paste. This is one of the oldest temple in India dedicated to [[Lord Narasimha]], one of the incarnations of [[Vishnu]], built in 11th century by Kullotunga, a [[Chola]] king. One Vijaya stamba is erected by [[Sri Krishna Deva Raya]] emerged victorious over the Gajapati kings of Orissa. One will find ancient [[Telugu]] inscriptions in this temple. This temple is one of the most famous temples in India. Its architecture is Dravida (South Indian). There is a popular belief that this lord is protecting Vizag from natural disasters like floods, cyclones, earthquakes and tsunamis. Not even a single death occurred due to natural calamities to this date. Couples just before marriage go to this temple as a ritual. This temple is one of the most crowded temples of Andhra Pradesh.

 

 

[[Srisailam]] is another major temple in Andhra Pradesh of national importance. It is dedicated to [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]]. It is one of the locations of the various [[Jyothirlingam]]s. The ''[[Skanda Purana]]'' has a chapter called "Srisaila Kandam" dedicated to it, which points to the ancient origin. This is confirmed also by the fact that Tamil saints of the past millennia have sung praises of this temple. It is said that [[Adi Sankara]] visited this temple and at that time he composed his "''[[Shivanandalahari|Sivananda Lahiri]]''". Shiva's sacred bull Vrishabha is said to have performed penance at the [[Mahakali]] temple till Shiva and [[Parvati]] appeared before him as Mallikarjuna and Brahmaramba. The temple is one of the 12 hallowed [[jyotirlingas]]; [[Rama|Lord Rama]] himself installed the Sahasralinga, while the Pandavas lodged the Panchapandava lingas in the temple courtyard. Srisailam is located in [[Kurnool]] district.

 

 

[[Bhadrachalam]] is known for the Sri Rama temple and the [[Godavari]] river. This is the place where the famous Bhakta Ramadasu (originally - [[Kancherla Gopanna]]) wrote his devotional songs dedicated to lord Rama. It was believed that lord Rama spent some years on the banks of river Godavari here in [[Tretayug]]. Legend says that Bhadra (a mountain), after a severe penance asked Rama to have a permanent residence on him. [[Lord Rama]] along with his wife [[Sita]] and brother [[Lakshmana]] are said to have settled on Bhadragiri. Bhadrachalam is located in [[Khammam district]]. Gopanna constructed the temple for Rama by raising funds from the people during the reign of Tanisha in 17 th century. He started celebrating the marriage of lord Rama and Sita. From then [[Sri Rama Navami]] is celebrated every year. Government of Andhra Pradesh sends pearls for the event at Bhadrachalam every year.

[[Basar - Saraswathi temple]] is another famous place for Saraswathi&nbsp;— goddess of education. Basara is located in [[Adilabad]] district. [[Yaaganti Caves]] is also an important pilgrim center in Andhra Pradesh. Apart from that Mahanandi, Kurnool Dt is another piligrim center which is full of greenary. The famous [[Hindu]] [[Birla Mandir, Hyderabad|Birla Mandir]] and [[Ramappa Temple]], [[Muslim]] [[Mecca Masjid]] and [[Charminar]] as well as the statue of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] on the [[Hussain sagar|Hussain Sagar Lake]] are wonderful religious monuments in Andhra Pradesh.

 

Kanakadurga temple is a famous temple in Andhra Pradesh, India. It is located on the Indrakeeladri hill in the city of Vijayawada on the banks of Krishna River. According to a legend, the now verdant Vijayawada was once a rocky region strewn with hillocks that were obstructing the flow of River Krishna. The land was thus rendered unfit for habitation or cultivation. Invocation to Lord Siva led to His directing the hills to give way to river Krishna. And lo! the river started flowing unimpeded with all its might, through the tunnels or "Bejjam" bored into the hills by Lord Siva. That is how the place got its name Bezawada.

 

 

== Education ==

Andhra Pradesh is served by more than 20 institutes of higher education. All major arts, humanities, science, engineering, law, medicine, business and veterinary science are offered, leading to first degrees as well as postgraduate awards. Advanced research is conducted in all major areas.

 

 

== Tourism ==

 

Andhra Pradesh is promoted by tourism department as "''[[Kohinoor]] of India''."

The golden beaches at [[Visakhapatnam]], the one-million-year old limestone caves at Borra, picturesque [[Araku Valley]], hill resorts of Horsley Hills, river Godavari racing through a narrow gorge at ''Papi Kondalu'', waterfalls at Ettipotala, Kuntala and rich bio-diversity at [[Talakona]], are some of the natural attractions of the state. Kailashagiri is near the sea in Visakhapatnam. A park is on the hill top of Kailashagiri. Visakhapatnam is home to many tourist attactions like INS Karasura Submarine museum (The only one of its kind in India), the longest Beach Road in India, Yarada Beach, Araku Valley, VUDA Park, and Indira Gandhi Zoological Gardens.

 

The [[Borra Caves]] are located in the Anatagiri Hills of Eastern Ghats, near Vishakapatnam, Andhra Pradesh State in India. They are at a height of about 800 to 1300 metres above Mean Sea Level and are famous for million-year-old stalactite and stalagmite formations. They were discovered by William King George, the British geologist in the year 1807. The caves get their name from a formation inside the caves that looks like the human brain, which in the local language, Telugu, is known as ''burra''. Similarly, the Belum caves were formed due to erosion in limestone deposits in the area by Chitravati River, millions of years ago. These limestone caves was formed due to action of carbonic acid&nbsp;— or weakly acidic groundwater formed due to reaction between limestone and water.

 

 

== Transport ==

A total of 1,46,944&nbsp;km of road are maintained by the State, of which State Highways comprise 42,511&nbsp;km, National Highways 2,949&nbsp;km and District Roads 1,01,484&nbsp;km. The Growth rate of Vehicles in Andhra Pradesh is highest in the country with 16%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/apfactfile/naturaladvantages.html#Airways |title=AP Fact File-Natural Advantages |publisher=APonline |date= |accessdate=2009-03-03}}</ref>

 

 

== See also ==

 

== Notes ==

{{reflist}}

 

{{commonscat}}

 

{{Major Cities of Andhra Pradesh}}

{{States and territories of India}}

 

 

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