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==ඉතිහාසය==
{{ප්‍රධාන|ක්‍රිස්තියානි ධර්මයෙහි ඉතිහාසය}}
[[ගොනුව:Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg|thumb|left| [[කාල් හෙන්රිච් බ්ලෝච්]] විසින් නිර්මිත, ''[[කන්ද උඩ දේශනාව]]''. [[නව ගිවිසුම]] විස්තර කරනුයේ ජේසුන් වහන්සේ තම [[ශ්‍රාවකයා (ක්‍රිස්තියානි ධර්මය)|ශ්‍රාවකයන්]] සහ විශාල සෙනගට නිරන්තරයෙන් [[දේශනාව|දේශනා කරමින්]] සිටි බවය.]]
ක්‍රිස්තියානු සභාව යනු නාසරෙත්හි ජේසුස් දෙවියන්ගේ පුත්‍රයා පදනම් කරගෙන වන්දනා කරන ආගම් හි ආගමික පරමාර්ථ සහ සංස්කෘතික සමාජ විද්‍යාත්මක භාෂිතයකි. එය තනි ආගමික ආයතන හෝ තනි විශ්වාසයන් මත පදනම් වූවක් නොවේ. අද වනවිට අද්විතීය ක්‍රිස්තියානු සභාව තරම් ලෞකික ලෝකය මගින් හඳුනාගත් දේශපාලනික පැවැත්මක් නොමැත.
රෝමානු කතෝලික සභාව සහ ඕතෝ ඩොක්ස් සභා උතුම් වූ ජේසුස් වහන්සේ විසින් ස්ථාපනය කරනු ලැබූ එකම සභාව යැයි පැවසේ. අනෙක් අතට ප්‍රොතෙස්තියානු ආගම අදහන්නන්ගේ සංකල්පය වන්නේ ජේසුස් වහන්සේ සැමට එකමුතු වන්නට ඔහු අනුගමනය කරන්න යැයි පවසා සිටිමින් ඔහු විසින් අරමුණු කරගත් මූලික මතය පිලි ගනී. ඇන්ග්ලිකන්ස් (Anglicans) සිතනුයේ ඔවුන් ක්‍රිස්තියානු සභාවේ ශාඛා වන බවයි. නමුත් මෙම භාෂිතය මගින් අදහස් කරනුයේ තම ආයතන ක්‍රිස්තියානු සම්ප්‍රධායට අයත් වන බවයි. මෙය සියළු ආගමික ආයතනයන්ට වඩා සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම වෙනස් දෙයකි.
මෙම වැකිය “ ක්‍රිස්තියානු සභාව” එහි පුළුල් අර්ථයෙහි ජේසුස් වහන්සේගේ ශරීරය මෙන්ම සමාන පුළුල් බවක් ඇත.
<!--The Christian Church originated in [[Iudaea Province|Roman Judea]] in the [[Christianity in the 1st century|first century AD]], founded on the teachings of [[Jesus]] of [[Nazareth]] who is believed by Christians to be the [[Son of God]] and [[Christ]] the [[Messiah]]. It is usually thought of as beginning with Jesus' [[Twelve Apostles|Apostles]]. According to [[Four Evangelists|scripture]] Jesus [[Great Commission|commanded them to spread his teachings to all the world]].
Springing out of the [[Tannaim|first century Jewish faith]], from Christianity's earliest days, Christians accepted non-[[Jew]]s ([[Gentiles]]) without requiring them to fully adopt Jewish customs (such as [[Circumcision controversy in early Christianity|circumcision]]).{{Bibleref2c|Acts|10-15}} <ref name="CHURCH AS AN INSTITUTION">''Church as an Institution'', Dictionary of the History of Ideas, University of Virginia Library [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-50]</ref> The parallels in the Jewish faith are the [[Proselytes]], [[Godfearers]], and [[Noahide Law]]. See also [[Biblical law in Christianity]].
Some think that conflict with [[Rabbinic Judaism|Jewish religious authorities]] quickly led to the expulsion of the Christians from the [[synagogues]] in [[Jerusalem in Christianity|Jerusalem]].<ref>''An Overview of Christian History'', Catholic Resources for Bible, Liturgy, and More [http://catholic-resources.org/Bible/History-Christian.htm]</ref> (See also [[Council of Jamnia]] and [[List of events in early Christianity]].)
[[File:Jacopo Bassano Last Supper 1542.jpeg|thumb|right|The [[Last Supper]], by [[Jacopo Bassano]], believed to have taken place in the [[Cenacle]].]]
The Church gradually spread through the [[Roman Empire]] and outside it, gaining major establishments in cities such as Jerusalem, [[Antioch]], and [[Edessa, Mesopotamia|Edessa]].<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01117a.htm ''Acts of the Apostles'', New Advent]</ref><ref>Donald H. Frew, ''Harran: Last Refuge of Classical Paganism'' Colorado State University Pueblo [http://chass.colostate-pueblo.edu/natrel/pom/old/POM9a1.html]</ref><ref>''From Jesus to Christ: Maps, Archaeology, and Sources: Chronology'', PBS, retrieved May 19, 2007 [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/maps/cron.html]</ref>
Christianity became a widely persecuted religion. It was [[Persecution of early Christians by the Jews|condemned by the Jewish authorities]] as a [[heresy]], see also [[Rejection of Jesus]]. The [[Persecution of early Christians by the Romans|Roman authorities]] persecuted it because, like Judaism, its [[monotheism|monotheistic]] teachings were fundamentally foreign to the [[Polytheism|polytheistic traditions of the ancient world]] and a challenge to the [[imperial cult]].<ref>Sophie Lunn-Rockliffe, ''Christianity and the Roman Empire: Reasons for persecution'', Ancient History: Romans, BBC Home, retrieved May 10, 2007 [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/christianityromanempire_article_02.shtml]</ref> Other teachings of Christianity, such as the call to [[Evangelical counsels|chastity]] and the [[Christianity and homosexuality|prohibition on homosexual practise]], also made it unpopular. Despite this the Church grew rapidly until [[Edict of Milan|finally legalized]] and then promoted by Emperors [[Galerius]] and [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] in the [[Christianity in the 4th century|fourth century]]. A major controversy as the Church was being [[First seven Ecumenical Councils|formalized]] was the [[Arianism]] vs. [[Trinitarianism]] debate which occupied the Church during the fourth century.
<ref>
Michael DiMaio, Jr., Robert Frakes, ''Constantius II (337-361 A.D.)'', De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families [http://www.roman-emperors.org/constaii.htm]
</ref>
<ref name="CONSTANTINE AND THE CHRISTIAN STATE">
Michael Hines, ''Constantine and the Christian State'', Church History for the Masses [http://www.christianchronicler.com/history1/constantine.html]
</ref>
On February 27, 380, the Roman Empire officially adopted the Trinitarian version of Christianity as its state religion. Prior to this date, [[Constantius II#Christianity under Constantius|Constantius II]] (337-361) and [[Valens#Struggles with the religious nature of the empire|Valens]] (364-378) had personally favored Arian or [[Semi-Arianism|Semi-Arian]] forms of Christianity, but Valens' successor [[Theodosius I]] supported the Trinitarian doctrine as expounded in the [[Nicene Creed]] from the 1st Council of Nicea.
On this date, Theodosuis I decreed that only the followers of Trinitarian Christianity were entitled to be referred to as [[Catholic]] Christians, while all others were to be considered to be practicers of [[heresy]], which was to be considered illegal. In 385, this new legal authority of the Church resulted in the first case of many to come, of the capital punishment of a heretic, namely [[Priscillian]].
<ref name="TheodosiusDecree">
{{cite web |title=Theodosian Code XVI.i.2 |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/theodcodeXVI.html |work=Medieval Sourcebook: Banning of Other Religions |first=Paul |last=Halsall |year=1997 |month=June |publisher=Fordham University |accessdate=2006-11-23}}
</ref>
<ref name = "HereticsExecuted">
{{cite web
| year = 2009
| url = http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/lecture27b.html
| title= Lecture 27: Heretics, Heresies and the Church
| accessdate = 2010-04-24}} Review of Church policies towards heresy, including capital punishment (see Synod at Saragossa).
</ref>
In the several centuries of state sponsored Christianity that followed, [[Paganism|pagans]] and "heretical" Christians were routinely persecuted by the Empire and the many kingdoms and countries that later occupied the place of the Empire,
<ref>
[[Ramsay MacMullen]], ''Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries'', Yale University Press, September 23, 1997
</ref>
but some [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribes]] remained Arian well into the [[Middle Ages]]).
<ref>
''Christianity Missions and monasticism'', Encyclopaedia Britannica Online [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-67441/Christianity]
</ref>
See also [[Christendom]].
[[File:Aya sofya.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Hagia Sophia]] of [[Constantinople]], once the greatest [[cathedral]] in all of [[Christendom]].]]
The Church of the Roman Empire was organized under metropolitan sees, with five rising to particular prominence and forming the basis for the theory of the [[Pentarchy]]. Of these five, one was in the [[Western Roman Empire|West]] ([[Diocese of Rome|Rome]]), and the rest in the [[Eastern Roman Empire|East]] ([[Constantinople]], [[History of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]], [[Antioch]], and [[Alexandria]]).<ref>Deno Geanakoplos, ''A short history of the ecumenical patriarchate of Constantinople'', Archons of the Ecumenical Patriarch, retrieved May 20, 2007 [http://www.archons.org/patriarchate/history/pentarchy.asp]</ref> Even after the [[Roman Empire#Crisis of the Third Century and the later emperors (235–395)|split of the Roman Empire]] the Church remained a relatively united institution (apart from [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] and some other groups which separated from the rest of the Church earlier). The Church came to be a central and defining institution of the Empire, especially in the East or [[Byzantine Empire]]. In particular, [[Constantinople]] would come to be seen as the center of the Christian world, owing in great part to its economic and political power.<ref>{{cite web|title=MSN Encarta: Orthodox Church, retrieved May 12, 2007|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572657_6/Orthodox_Church.html|work=|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5kwQxJnKj|archivedate=2009-10-31|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>Arias of Study: Western Art, Department of Art History, University of Wisconsin, retrieved May 17, 2007 [http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/ArtHistory/areas_study.html]</ref>
Once the [[Western Roman Empire|Western Empire]] [[Fall of Rome|fell]] to [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] incursions in the [[Christianity in the 5th century|5th century]], the (Roman) Church for centuries became the primary link to [[Culture of ancient Rome|Roman civilization]] for [[Middle Ages|Medieval]] [[Western Europe]]<ref>[http://www.gotquestions.org/dark-ages.html ''What were the Dark Ages?'', GotQuestions.org, retrieved May 20, 2007]</ref> and an important channel of influence in the West for the [[Eastern Roman Empire|Eastern Roman]], or ''Byzantine'', emperors. While, in the West, Christianity struggled as the so-called [[orthodoxy|orthodox]] Church competed against the [[Arianism|Arian]] Christian and pagan faiths of the Germanic rulers, and spread outside what had been the Empire to Ireland and Scandinavia, in the East Christianity spread to the pagan [[Slavs]], establishing the Church in what is now [[Russia]], [[Central Europe]] and [[Eastern Europe]].<ref name="CHRISTIANITY IN HISTORY">''CHRISTIANITY IN HISTORY'', Dictionary of the History of Ideas, University of Virginia Library [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-49]</ref> The reign of [[Charlemagne]] in Western Europe is particularly noted for bringing the last major Western Arian tribes into communion with Rome, in part through conquest and forced conversion.
Starting in the [[Christianity in the 7th century|7th century]] the [[Arab Empire|Islamic Caliphates]] rose and gradually began to conquer larger and larger areas of the [[Christendom|Christian world]].<ref name="CHRISTIANITY IN HISTORY" /> Excepting [[North Africa]] and [[Al-Andalus|most of Spain]], northern and western Europe escaped largely unscathed by Islamic expansion, in great part because richer Constantinople and its empire acted as a magnet for the onslaught.<ref>[http://www.byzantinos.com/Byzantium/Legacy.html ''The Byzantine Empire'', byzantinos.com]</ref> The challenge presented by the Muslims would help to solidify the religious identity of eastern Christians even as it gradually weakened the Eastern Empire.<ref>''BYZANTINE ICONOCLASM AND POLITICAL EARTHQUAKE OF ARAB CONQUESTS – AN EMOTIONAL ‘GUST’'', This Century's Review, retrieved May 24, 2007 [http://www.thiscenturyreview.com/BYZANTINE_ICONOCLASM_AND_POLITICAL.byzantineiconoclasm.0.html]</ref>
Even in the [[Muslim World]], the Church survived (e.g., the modern [[Copt]]s, [[Maronite]]s, and others) albeit at times with great difficulty.<ref>''The History of the Copts'', California Academy of Sciences [http://www.calacademy.org/research/anthropology/coptic/Copthist.htm], retrieved May 24, 2007</ref><ref>''History of the Maronite Patriarchate'', Opus Libani, retrieved May 24, 2007 [http://www.opuslibani.org.lb/egliseeng/002/antioch1.html]</ref>
Although there had long been frictions between the [[Bishop of Rome]] (i.e., the [[Western World|Western]] ''Pope'') and the eastern patriarchs within the [[Byzantine Empire]], Rome's [[Charlemagne#Imperial diplomacy|changing allegiance]] from Constantinople to the [[Frankish Empire|Frankish]] king Charlemagne set the Church on a course towards separation. The political and theological divisions would grow until Rome and the East excommunicated each other in the 11th century, ultimately leading to the division of the Church into the [[Roman Catholic Church|Western]] (Roman Catholic) and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern]] (Eastern Orthodox) Churches.<ref name="CHRISTIANITY IN HISTORY" />
As a result of the [[High Middle Ages|redevelopment of Western Europe]], and the [[Decline of the Byzantine Empire|gradual fall of the Eastern Roman Empire]] to the [[Arab]]s and [[Turkish people|Turks]] (helped by [[Fourth Crusade|warfare against Eastern Christians]]). The final [[Fall of Constantinople]] in 1453 AD resulted in Eastern scholars fleeing the Moslem hordes bringing ancient manuscripts to the West, which was a factor in the beginning of the period of the [[Renaissance|Western Renaissance]] there. [[Rome]] came to be seen by the Western Church as Christianity's heartland.<ref>Aristeides Papadakis, John Meyendorff , ''The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy: The Church 1071-1453 A.D.'', St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, August 1994, ISBN 0-88141-057-8, ISBN 978-0-88141-057-0</ref> Some Eastern churches even broke with Eastern Orthodoxy and entered into communion with Rome. The changes brought on by the Renaissance eventually led to the [[Protestant Reformation]] during which the Protestant Lutheran and the Reformed followers of Calvin, Hus, Zwingli, Melancthon, Knox, and others split from the Roman Catholic Church. At this time, a series of non-theological disputes also led to the [[English Reformation]] which led to the independence of the [[Anglican Communion]]. Then during the [[Age of Discovery|Age of Exploration]] and the [[Age of Imperialism]], Western Europe spread the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant and Reformed Churches around the world, especially in the [[Americas]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-67632/Christianity ''Christianity and world religions'', Encyclopedia Britannica]</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-208310 ''South America:Religion'', Encyclopedia Britannica]</ref> These developments in turn have led to Christianity's being the largest religion in the world today.<ref>''Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents'', Adherents.com [http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html]</ref> -->
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